Inhibition of endothelial lipase causes increased HDL cholesterol levels in vivo

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Abstract

Endothelial lipase (EL) is a recently discovered member of the lipoprotein lipase gene family that hydrolyzes HDL phospholipids ex vivo and reduces HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels when overexpressed in vivo in mice. To gain further insight into the physiological role of EL in the metabolism of HDL in vivo, studies were performed in which EL was inhibited in wild-type, hepatic lipase knockout (HL–/–), and human apoA-I transgenic mice by intravenous infusion of a polyclonal antibody inhibitory to murine EL. As compared with infusion of a control antibody, infusion of the inhibitory antibody resulted in a 25–60% increase in HDL-C levels in the three mouse models, with the peak HDL-C levels occurring at 48 hours after injection. Inhibition of EL also generated larger HDL particles in the HL–/– mice. The clearance of HDL phospholipid was significantly slower in human apoA-I transgenic mice injected with an antibody against murine EL (mEL) than in mice injected with a control antibody. We conclude that inhibition of EL results in increased HDL-C levels and that EL is an important enzyme in the physiological regulation of HDL metabolism.

Authors

Weijun Jin, John S. Millar, Uli Broedl, Jane M. Glick, Daniel J. Rader

Activation of human T cells by FcR nonbinding anti-CD3 mAb, hOKT3γ1(Ala-Ala)

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Abstract

Dimeric Fc receptor (FcR) nonbinding anti-CD3 antibodies have been developed to minimize toxicities associated with classical anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies (e.g., OKT3). Studies with murine analogs of non-FcR–binding antibodies have shown reduced mitogenicity compared to OKT3. In a trial of an FcR nonbinding humanized anti-CD3 mAb hOKT3γ1(Ala-Ala) for treatment of patients with type 1 diabetes, we found significant increases in IL-10 and IL-5 in the serum of 63% and 72% of patients, respectively, and TNF-α and IL-6 levels that were lower than those previously reported following OKT3 therapy. The activation signal delivered by hOKT3γ1(Ala-Ala) was associated with calcium signaling and cytokine production by previously activated human cells in vitro. However, the production of IL-10, compared to IFN-γ on a molar basis, was greater after culture with hOKT3γ1(Ala-Ala) than with OKT3. Flow cytometric studies confirmed that OKT3 induced IFN-γ and IL-10 production, but hOKT3γ1(Ala-Ala) induced only detectable IL-10 production in CD45RO+ cells. Moreover, in vivo, we found IL-10+CD4+ T cells after drug treatment. These cells were heterogeneous but generally CD45RO+, CTLA-4–, and expressed CCR4. A subgroup of these cells expressed TGF-β. Thus, the non-FcR binding anti-CD3 mAb, hOKT3γ1(Ala-Ala) delivers an activation signal to T cells that is quantitatively and qualitatively different from OKT3. It leads to the generation of T cells that might inhibit the autoimmune response and may be involved in the beneficial effect on β cell destruction in Type 1 diabetes.

Authors

Kevan C. Herold, Joshua B. Burton, Fleur Francois, Ena Poumian-Ruiz, Mariela Glandt, Jeffrey A. Bluestone

Adipose-derived resistin and gut-derived resistin-like molecule–β selectively impair insulin action on glucose production

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Abstract

The adipose-derived hormone resistin is postulated to link obesity to insulin resistance and diabetes. Here, the infusion of either resistin or the resistin-like molecule–β (RELMβ) rapidly induced severe hepatic but not peripheral insulin resistance. In the presence of physiologic hyperinsulinemia, the infusion of purified recombinant resistin, increasing circulating resistin levels by approximately twofold to 15-fold, inhibited glucose metabolism such that lower rates of glucose infusion were required to maintain the plasma glucose concentration at basal levels. The effects of resistin and RELMβ on in vivo insulin action were completely accounted for by a marked increase in the rate of glucose production. These results support the notion that a novel family of fat- and gut-derived circulating proteins modulates hepatic insulin action.

Authors

Michael W. Rajala, Silvana Obici, Philipp E. Scherer, Luciano Rossetti

The AMP-activated protein kinase α2 catalytic subunit controls whole-body insulin sensitivity

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Abstract

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is viewed as a fuel sensor for glucose and lipid metabolism. To better understand the physiological role of AMPK, we generated a knockout mouse model in which the AMPKα2 catalytic subunit gene was inactivated. AMPKα2–/– mice presented high glucose levels in the fed period and during an oral glucose challenge associated with low insulin plasma levels. However, in isolated AMPKα2–/– pancreatic islets, glucose- and L-arginine–stimulated insulin secretion were not affected. AMPKα2–/– mice have reduced insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose utilization and muscle glycogen synthesis rates assessed in vivo by the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp technique. Surprisingly, both parameters were not altered in mice expressing a dominant-negative mutant of AMPK in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, glucose transport was normal in incubated isolated AMPKα2–/– muscles. These data indicate that AMPKα2 in tissues other than skeletal muscles regulates insulin action. Concordantly, we found an increased daily urinary catecholamine excretion in AMPKα2–/– mice, suggesting altered function of the autonomic nervous system that could explain both the impaired insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity observed in vivo. Therefore, extramuscular AMPKα2 catalytic subunit is important for whole-body insulin action in vivo, probably through modulation of sympathetic nervous activity.

Authors

Benoit Viollet, Fabrizio Andreelli, Sebastian B. Jørgensen, Christophe Perrin, Alain Geloen, Daisy Flamez, James Mu, Claudia Lenzner, Olivier Baud, Myriam Bennoun, Emmanuel Gomas, Gaël Nicolas, Jørgen F.P. Wojtaszewski, Axel Kahn, David Carling, Frans C. Schuit, Morris J. Birnbaum, Erik A. Richter, Rémy Burcelin, Sophie Vaulont

Targeted disruption of H3 receptors results in changes in brain histamine tone leading to an obese phenotype

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Abstract

Research Article

Authors

Kazuhiko Takahashi, Hiroaki Suwa, Tomoo Ishikawa, Hidehito Kotani

The forkhead transcription factor Foxo1 links insulin signaling to Pdx1 regulation of pancreatic β cell growth

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Abstract

Research Article

Authors

Tadahiro Kitamura, Jun Nakae, Yukari Kitamura, Yoshiaki Kido, William H. Biggs III, Christopher V.E. Wright, Morris F. White, Karen C. Arden, Domenico Accili

Malonyl coenzyme A and the regulation of functional carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 activity and fat oxidation in human skeletal muscle

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Abstract

Research Article

Authors

Blake B. Rasmussen, Ulf C. Holmbäck, Elena Volpi, Beatrice Morio-Liondore, Douglas Paddon-Jones, Robert R. Wolfe

Hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidemia induced by acute inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling in the liver

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Abstract

Research Article

Authors

Kazuaki Miyake, Wataru Ogawa, Michihiro Matsumoto, Takehiro Nakamura, Hiroshi Sakaue, Masato Kasuga

Impaired glucose phosphorylation and transport in skeletal muscle cause insulin resistance in HIV-1–infected patients with lipodystrophy

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Abstract

Research Article

Authors

Georg M.N. Behrens, Anne-Rose Boerner, Klaus Weber, Joerg van den Hoff, Johann Ockenga, Georg Brabant, Reinhold E. Schmidt

Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cell hyporesponsiveness, and neuroendocrine/metabolic dysfunction of human congenital leptin deficiency

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Abstract

Research Article

Authors

I. Sadaf Farooqi, Giuseppe Matarese, Graham M. Lord, Julia M. Keogh, Elizabeth Lawrence, Chizo Agwu, Veronica Sanna, Susan A. Jebb, Francesco Perna, Silvia Fontana, Robert I. Lechler, Alex M. DePaoli, Stephen O’Rahilly