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ResearchIn-Press PreviewHematologyInfectious diseaseVascular biology Open Access | 10.1172/JCI202285

Bradykinin contributes to vasogenic edema in murine experimental cerebral malaria

Alessandro S. de Sa Pinheiro,1 Douglas E. Teixeira,2 Rodrigo P. Silva-Aguiar,1 Young Jun Shim,3 Alona A. Merkulova,1 Sadiq Silbak,1 Yelenna Skomorovska-Prokvolit,1 David Midem,4 Sidney Ogolla,5 Bjoern B. Burckhardt,6 Tanja Gangnus,6 Julio Scharfstein,2 Celso Caruso-Neves,2 Owen J.T. McCarty,7 David Gailani,8 Michael Bader,9 Philip J. Rosenthal,10 Arlene E. Dent,1 Chris J. Janse,11 Keith R. McCrae,3 Ana Acacia de Sa Pinheiro,2 James W. Kazura,1 and Alvin H. Schmaier1

1Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America

2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, United States of America

4Chulaimbo Sub-county Hospital, Kisuma, Kenya

5Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisuma, Kenya

6Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany

7Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States of America

8Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

9Department of Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

10UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

11Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

Find articles by de Sa Pinheiro, A. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America

2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, United States of America

4Chulaimbo Sub-county Hospital, Kisuma, Kenya

5Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisuma, Kenya

6Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany

7Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States of America

8Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

9Department of Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

10UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

11Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

Find articles by Teixeira, D. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America

2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, United States of America

4Chulaimbo Sub-county Hospital, Kisuma, Kenya

5Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisuma, Kenya

6Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany

7Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States of America

8Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

9Department of Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

10UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

11Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

Find articles by Silva-Aguiar, R. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America

2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, United States of America

4Chulaimbo Sub-county Hospital, Kisuma, Kenya

5Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisuma, Kenya

6Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany

7Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States of America

8Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

9Department of Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

10UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

11Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

Find articles by Shim, Y. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America

2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, United States of America

4Chulaimbo Sub-county Hospital, Kisuma, Kenya

5Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisuma, Kenya

6Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany

7Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States of America

8Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

9Department of Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

10UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

11Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

Find articles by Merkulova, A. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America

2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, United States of America

4Chulaimbo Sub-county Hospital, Kisuma, Kenya

5Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisuma, Kenya

6Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany

7Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States of America

8Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

9Department of Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

10UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

11Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

Find articles by Silbak, S. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America

2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, United States of America

4Chulaimbo Sub-county Hospital, Kisuma, Kenya

5Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisuma, Kenya

6Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany

7Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States of America

8Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

9Department of Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

10UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

11Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

Find articles by Skomorovska-Prokvolit, Y. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America

2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, United States of America

4Chulaimbo Sub-county Hospital, Kisuma, Kenya

5Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisuma, Kenya

6Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany

7Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States of America

8Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

9Department of Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

10UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

11Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

Find articles by Midem, D. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America

2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, United States of America

4Chulaimbo Sub-county Hospital, Kisuma, Kenya

5Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisuma, Kenya

6Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany

7Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States of America

8Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

9Department of Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

10UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

11Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

Find articles by Ogolla, S. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America

2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, United States of America

4Chulaimbo Sub-county Hospital, Kisuma, Kenya

5Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisuma, Kenya

6Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany

7Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States of America

8Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

9Department of Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

10UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

11Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

Find articles by Burckhardt, B. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America

2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, United States of America

4Chulaimbo Sub-county Hospital, Kisuma, Kenya

5Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisuma, Kenya

6Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany

7Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States of America

8Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

9Department of Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

10UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

11Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

Find articles by Gangnus, T. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America

2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, United States of America

4Chulaimbo Sub-county Hospital, Kisuma, Kenya

5Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisuma, Kenya

6Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany

7Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States of America

8Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

9Department of Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

10UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

11Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

Find articles by Scharfstein, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America

2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, United States of America

4Chulaimbo Sub-county Hospital, Kisuma, Kenya

5Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisuma, Kenya

6Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany

7Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States of America

8Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

9Department of Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

10UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

11Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

Find articles by Caruso-Neves, C. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America

2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, United States of America

4Chulaimbo Sub-county Hospital, Kisuma, Kenya

5Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisuma, Kenya

6Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany

7Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States of America

8Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

9Department of Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

10UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

11Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

Find articles by McCarty, O. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America

2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, United States of America

4Chulaimbo Sub-county Hospital, Kisuma, Kenya

5Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisuma, Kenya

6Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany

7Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States of America

8Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

9Department of Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

10UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

11Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

Find articles by Gailani, D. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America

2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, United States of America

4Chulaimbo Sub-county Hospital, Kisuma, Kenya

5Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisuma, Kenya

6Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany

7Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States of America

8Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

9Department of Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

10UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

11Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

Find articles by Bader, M. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America

2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, United States of America

4Chulaimbo Sub-county Hospital, Kisuma, Kenya

5Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisuma, Kenya

6Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany

7Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States of America

8Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

9Department of Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

10UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

11Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

Find articles by Rosenthal, P. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America

2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, United States of America

4Chulaimbo Sub-county Hospital, Kisuma, Kenya

5Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisuma, Kenya

6Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany

7Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States of America

8Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

9Department of Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

10UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

11Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

Find articles by Dent, A. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America

2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, United States of America

4Chulaimbo Sub-county Hospital, Kisuma, Kenya

5Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisuma, Kenya

6Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany

7Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States of America

8Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

9Department of Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

10UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

11Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

Find articles by Janse, C. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America

2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, United States of America

4Chulaimbo Sub-county Hospital, Kisuma, Kenya

5Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisuma, Kenya

6Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany

7Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States of America

8Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

9Department of Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

10UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

11Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

Find articles by McCrae, K. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America

2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, United States of America

4Chulaimbo Sub-county Hospital, Kisuma, Kenya

5Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisuma, Kenya

6Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany

7Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States of America

8Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

9Department of Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

10UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

11Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

Find articles by de Sa Pinheiro, A. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America

2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, United States of America

4Chulaimbo Sub-county Hospital, Kisuma, Kenya

5Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisuma, Kenya

6Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany

7Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States of America

8Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

9Department of Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

10UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

11Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

Find articles by Kazura, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America

2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, United States of America

4Chulaimbo Sub-county Hospital, Kisuma, Kenya

5Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisuma, Kenya

6Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany

7Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States of America

8Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

9Department of Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

10UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

11Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

Find articles by Schmaier, A. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

Published July 14, 2026 - More info

J Clin Invest. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI202285.
Copyright © 2026, de Sa Pinheiro et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Published July 14, 2026 - Version history
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Abstract

Cerebral malaria (CM) from Plasmodium falciparum is a major cause of death in African children. Since bradykinin (BK) is a mediator of vasogenic edema, we hypothesized that it contributes to the pathogenesis of CM in Kenyan children and Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infected C57BL/6J mice in experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). Cleaved plasma high molecular weight kininogen (cHK) is a marker for BK release. 40% of children with central nervous system malaria had plasma cHK versus 18% of children with uncomplicated malaria. Wild-type PbA-infected mice with ECM had circulating cHK, elevated BK levels, and reduced HK and prekallikrein activity/antigen levels. HK null (Kng1–/–), combined BK B1 and B2 receptor null (Bdkrb1–/–/Bdkrb2–/–), BK B2 (Bdkrb2–/–) or BK B1 (Bdkrb1–/–) receptor null mice were protected significantly from neurologic deterioration and brain edema compared to wild-type mice. F12–/– mice were not protected from neurological deterioration. Prekallikrein null (Klkb1–/–), prolylcarboxypeptidase hypomorphs (Prcpgt/gt), and brain endothelial cell conditional knockout of PRCP (Prcpfl/fl Cre) mice with ECM had reduced neurologic deterioration and brain edema. Adjuvant plasma kallikrein inhibition combined with artesunate treatment in PbA-infected mice reversed neurologic deterioration and brain edema and significantly prolonged survival over artesunate alone. BK-induced vasogenic edema contributes to human and murine CM.

Graphical Abstract
graphical abstract
Supplemental material

View Unedited blot and gel images

View

View Movie S1 - Wild Type PbA - day 5 control for Kng1-/- and Bdkrb1-/-/Bdkrb2-/-

View Movie S2_Kng1 -/- mice day 5 with cerebral malaria

View Movie S3_Combined Bkdkrb1-/-/Bdkrb2 -/- mice with day 5 cerebral malaria

View Movie S4 Wild Type Mice day 5 for Klkb1-/- and C57BL/6j with RZLT7824 with cerebral malaria

View Movie S5 Klkb1-/- day 5 with cerebral malaria

View Movie S6 Wild type mice day 5 with cerebral malaria treated with RZLT7824

View Movie7 Artesunate Rx alone (top) vs Artesunate & RZLT7824 (bottom) Rx - day 6 cerebral malaria

Version history
  • Version 1 (July 14, 2026): In-Press Preview

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