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ResearchIn-Press PreviewGastroenterologyHepatology Open Access | 10.1172/JCI200522

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis exacerbated by Clostridium perfringens-derived ammonia is attenuated by tripeptide DT-109

Pengxiang Qu,1 Shusi Ding,2 Yanru Zhang,1 Yang Zhao,3 Erfei Song,4 Liangshuo Hu,5 Ruike Ding,1 Wenbin Cao,1 Yiting Hou,1 Jia Qi,1 Juan Zhao,1 Chenjing Duan,1 Shuangqing Liu,1 Chong Shen,1 Ying Zhao,3 Yanhong Guo,3 Zuowen Zheng,6 Shiwei Luo,1 Huizhong Hu,1 Liang Bai,1 Sihai Zhao,1 Bo Wang,5 Shuixiang He,1 Yi Wu,1 Xuelian Xiong,7 Qiutong Wu,8 Weiwang Gu,9 Oren Rom,10 Aimin Xu,11 Lemin Zheng,2 Jifeng Zhang,3 Enqi Liu,1 and Y. Eugene Chen3

1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Find articles by Qu, P. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Find articles by Ding, S. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Find articles by Zhang, Y. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Find articles by Zhao, Y. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Find articles by Song, E. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Find articles by Hu, L. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Find articles by Ding, R. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Find articles by Cao, W. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Find articles by Hou, Y. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Find articles by Qi, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Find articles by Zhao, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Find articles by Duan, C. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Find articles by Liu, S. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Find articles by Shen, C. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Find articles by Zhao, Y. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Find articles by Guo, Y. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Find articles by Zheng, Z. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Find articles by Luo, S. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

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1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

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1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Find articles by Zhao, S. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Find articles by Wang, B. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Find articles by He, S. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

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1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Find articles by Xiong, X. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Find articles by Wu, Q. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

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1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

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1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

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1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

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1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

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1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

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1Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of Ch, Xi'an, China

2Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

4Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

5Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

6Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, China

7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

8The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

9Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

10Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicin, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Metabolic Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

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Published May 12, 2026 - More info

J Clin Invest. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI200522.
Copyright © 2026, Qu et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Published May 12, 2026 - Version history
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Abstract

The global prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is rising, driven by a complex interplay of metabolic disturbances, inflammation, and fibrosis, yet effective treatment options remain limited. This study examined the relationships among intestinal microbial dysbiosis, ammonia production, and hepatic CD8+ T cell activity in MASH, and assessed the therapeutic potential of DT-109, a glycine-based tripeptide. We investigated the gut-liver axis across human cohorts and both non-human primate and mouse MASH models. Multi-omics approaches were used to characterize ileal microbiota, ammonia levels, and hepatic immune and metabolic pathways. Causality was verified through microbiota transplantation, C. perfringens NirA-knockout mutants, and functional validation in vitro and in vivo. The efficacy of DT-109 was evaluated in non-human primates and mice. Our results revealed a significant increase in the ammonia-producing gut bacterium C. perfringens, which led to elevated intestinal ammonia and disruption of the intestinal barrier in MASH. Elevated ammonia levels triggered FosB-mediated upregulation of chemokine C-C motif ligand 5 (CCL5) in CD8+ T cells, which in turn drove T cell cytotoxicity in the liver. Notably, DT-109 effectively lowered C. perfringens abundance, reduced intestinal ammonia, restored intestinal barrier integrity, and alleviated CD8+ T cell dysregulation in MASH. These results identify a distinct mechanism in which gut-derived ammonia drives CD8+ T cell-mediated MASH and demonstrate that DT-109 effectively targets this axis by inhibiting C. perfringens and reducing ammonia, ultimately ameliorating MASH.

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Copyright © 2026 American Society for Clinical Investigation
ISSN: 0021-9738 (print), 1558-8238 (online)

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