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ResearchIn-Press PreviewCell biologyOncology Open Access | 10.1172/JCI189152

Mutated FGFR1 is an oncogenic driver and therapeutic target in high-risk neuroblastoma

Lisa Werr,1 Jana Boland,1 Josephine Petersen,1 Fiorella Iglesias,2 Stefanie Höppner,1 Christoph Bartenhagen,1 Carolina Rosswog,1 Anna-Maria Hellmann,1 Yvonne Kahlert,1 Nadine Hemstedt,1 Nadliv Ibruli,1 Marcel A. Dammert,3 Boris Decarolis,4 Jan-Michael Werner,5 Florian Malchers,3 Kathrin Schramm,6 Olaf Witt,6 Klaus Hermann Beiske,7 Anne Gro Wesenberg Rognlien,8 Maria Winther Gunnes,8 Karin P.S. Langenberg,9 Jan Molenaar,9 Marie Bernkopf,10 Sabine Taschner-Mandl,10 Debbie Hughes,11 Sally L. George,11 Louis Chesler,11 Johannes H. Schulte,12 Giuseppe Barone,13 Mario Capasso,14 Lea F. Surrey,15 Rochelle Bagatell,16 Julien Masliah-Planchon,17 Gudrun Schleiermacher,18 Holger Grüll,19 Frank Westermann,6 Anne M. Schultheis,20 Reinhard Büttner,20 Anton G. Henssen,21 Angelika Eggert,21 Martin Peifer,22 Neerav N. Shukla,23 Thorsten Simon,4 Barbara Hero,4 H. Christian Reinhardt,24 Roman K. Thomas,3 and Matthias Fischer1

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Werr, L. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Boland, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Petersen, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Iglesias, F. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Höppner, S. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Bartenhagen, C. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Rosswog, C. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Hellmann, A. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Kahlert, Y. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Hemstedt, N. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Ibruli, N. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Dammert, M. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Decarolis, B. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Werner, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Malchers, F. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Schramm, K. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Witt, O. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Beiske, K. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Rognlien, A. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Gunnes, M. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Langenberg, K. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Molenaar, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Bernkopf, M. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Taschner-Mandl, S. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Hughes, D. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by George, S. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Chesler, L. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Schulte, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Barone, G. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Capasso, M. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Surrey, L. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Bagatell, R. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Masliah-Planchon, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Schleiermacher, G. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Grüll, H. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Westermann, F. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Schultheis, A. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Büttner, R. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Henssen, A. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Eggert, A. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Peifer, M. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Shukla, N. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Simon, T. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Hero, B. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Reinhardt, H. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Thomas, R. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

2Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America

3Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

4Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

5Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

6Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

8Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands

10St Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria

11Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

12University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

13Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

14Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

15Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America

16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

17Oncogenetic Lab, Institute Curie, Paris, France

18RTOP (Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique); INSERM U830, and, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, Paris, Belgium

19Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

20Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

21Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

22Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

23Koeln Fortune Program, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

24Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Find articles by Fischer, M. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

Published February 12, 2026 - More info

J Clin Invest. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI189152.
Copyright © 2026, Werr et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Published February 12, 2026 - Version history
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Abstract

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) is recurrently mutated at p.N546 in neuroblastoma. We here sought to examine whether mutant FGFR1 is an oncogenic driver, a predictive biomarker, and an actionable vulnerability in this malignancy. FGFR1 mutations at p.N546 were associated with high-risk disease and rapid tumor progression, resulting in dismal outcome of these patients. Ectopic expression of FGFR1N546K induced constitutive down-stream signaling and interleukin-3-independent growth in Ba/F3 cells, indicating oncogene addicted proliferation. In FGFR1N546K;MYCN transgenic mice, neuroblastoma developed within the first days of life with fatal outcome within 3 weeks, reflecting the devastating clinical phenotypes of patients with FGFR1 mutant high-risk neuroblastoma. Treatment with FGFR inhibitors impaired proliferation and pathway activation in FGFR1N546K-expressing Ba/F3 and patient-derived FGFR1N546K mutant neuroblastoma cells, and inhibited tumor growth in FGFR1N546K;MYCN transgenic mice and in a chemotherapy-resistant patient-derived xenograft mouse model. In addition, partial regression of FGFR1N546K mutant tumor lesions occurred upon treatment with the FGFR inhibitor futibatinib and low-intensity chemotherapy in a patient with refractory neuroblastoma. Together, our data demonstrate that FGFR1N546K is a strong oncogenic driver in neuroblastoma that is associated with failure of current standard chemotherapy, and suggest potential clinical benefit of FGFR-directed therapies in FGFR1 mutant high-risk patients.

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Copyright © 2026 American Society for Clinical Investigation
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