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ResearchIn-Press PreviewHepatologyMetabolism Open Access | 10.1172/JCI204511

Targeting lipidated amino acid deficiency mitigates fibrosis via a PPARα/CCL2 axis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis models

Sumit Kumar Anand,1 Sandeep Das,1 Fabio Arias,1 Koral S.E. Richard,1 Sumati Rohilla,1 Alia Ghrayeb,1 M. Peyton McKinney,1 Lu Wang,2 Lin Tan,3 Jibin Ding,3 Dhananjay Kumar,4 Nilesh Pandey,1 Jennifer Lee,1 Ying Zhao,5 Suman Mohajan,6 Gurranna Male,6 Kelley Nunez,7 Alexandra C. Finney,1 Brenna H. Pearson-Gallion,3 Reethika Gade,1 Jemiah Maxie,3 Yu Liu,8 Harpreet Kaur,1 Rajan Pandit,4 Cyrine Ben Dhaou,1 Joseph Eniafe,9 Xiaolu Zhang,10 Zhipeng Liu,11 Andrew D. Yurochko,9 Minerva T. Garcia-Barrio,5 Babak Razani,12 Fei Chang,13 Francisco J. Schopfer,13 Xin Huang,14 Bishuang Cai,8 Eyal Gottlieb,4 Bo Wen,2 Duxin Sun,2 Wanqing Liu,15 Paul T. Thevenot,7 Ari J. Cohen,7 Jifeng Zhang,5 Y. Eugene Chen,5 A. Wayne Orr,1 Nirav Dhanesha,1 Arif Yurdagul Jr.,1 and Oren Rom1

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Anand, S. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Das, S. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Arias, F. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Richard, K. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Rohilla, S. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Ghrayeb, A. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by McKinney, M. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Wang, L. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Tan, L. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Ding, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Kumar, D. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Pandey, N. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Lee, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Zhao, Y. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

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1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Male, G. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Nunez, K. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

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1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

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1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Gade, R. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Maxie, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Liu, Y. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Kaur, H. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Pandit, R. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Ben Dhaou, C. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Eniafe, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Zhang, X. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Liu, Z. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Yurochko, A. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Garcia-Barrio, M. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

Find articles by Razani, B. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

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1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

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1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

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1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

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1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

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1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

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1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

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1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

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1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

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1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

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1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

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1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

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1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

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1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

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1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

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1Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America

3Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America

4Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

5Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

7Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, United States of America

8Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Me, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

10Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, United States of America

11Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America

12Division of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States of America

13Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

14Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Compreh, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America

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Published September 24, 2026 - More info

J Clin Invest. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI204511.
Copyright © 2026, Anand et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Published September 24, 2026 - Version history
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Abstract

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is rising globally despite recent therapeutic advances, highlighting the need to identify new targetable pathways. While dysregulated lipid and amino acid metabolism are established features of MASH, the interplay between these two metabolic pathways remains unexplored. Here, metabolomics of livers from humans and mice with MASH uncovered depletion of lipidated amino acids, where these two distinctive pathways converge. Notably, hepatic levels of N-oleoyl-leucine (C18:1-Leu) were inversely correlated with the severity of MASH-fibrosis. The C18:1-Leu-regulating enzyme, peptidase M20 domain containing 1 (PM20D1), was suppressed in MASH due to attenuated de novo transcription, and stable-isotope tracing confirmed impaired hepatic biosynthesis of C18:1-Leu in MASH. Hepatocyte-specific PM20D1 ablation lowered hepatic C18:1-Leu and exacerbated MASH, whereas hepatocyte-specific PM20D1 overexpression restored C18:1-Leu and ameliorated both MASH progression and established disease. Exogenous administration of C18:1-Leu similarly ameliorated MASH-fibrosis. In silico modeling, transcriptomics, metabolic flux analyses and hepatocyte-specific in vivo manipulations revealed that C18:1-Leu binds and activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha to suppress C-C motif chemokine ligand 2, concurrently enhancing fatty acid β-oxidation and attenuating monocyte recruitment to reduce MASH-fibrosis. These findings highlight C18:1-Leu deficiency as a driver and a therapeutic target in MASH-fibrosis, warranting further clinical evaluation.

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Copyright © 2026 American Society for Clinical Investigation
ISSN: 0021-9738 (print), 1558-8238 (online)

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