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ResearchIn-Press PreviewImmunologyInfectious disease
Open Access | 
10.1172/JCI200628
CXCR6+CD127– Tr1 cells balance immunity and persistence in Plasmodium falciparum infection
Jason Nideffer,1 Florian Bach,1 Steven Strubbe,2 Luis Lopez,1 Maato Zedi,3 Felistas Nankya,3 Jessica Briggs,4 Kattria van der Ploeg,1 Kenneth Musinguzi,3 Soyeon Kim,1 Aracely Garcia Romero,1 Arefin Keya,4 Kylie Camanag,1 Savannah Lewis,1 Muhammad Abdelbasset,1 Bing Wang,2 Allison Boss,2 Evelyn Nansubuga,3 Joaniter I. Nankabirwa,3 Emmanuel Arinaitwe,3 Saki Takahashi,5 Grant Dorsey,4 Bryan Greenhouse,4 Isabel Rodriguez-Barraquer,4 Moses R. Kamya,3 Rosa Bacchetta,2 Isaac Ssewanyana,3 Ashraful Haque,6 Maria Grazia Roncarolo,2 and Prasanna Jagannathan1
1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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1Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerativ, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
3Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
4Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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Published May 5, 2026 - More info
Copyright © 2026, Nideffer et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Copyright © 2026 American Society for Clinical Investigation
ISSN: 0021-9738 (print), 1558-8238 (online)