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ResearchIn-Press PreviewCell biologyVascular biology Open Access | 10.1172/JCI197587

Targeting KIT prevents brain arteriovenous malformations driven by ALK1-deficient angiogenic endothelial cells

Elise Drapé,1 Lauranne Carrier,2 Gael Cagnone,2 Atik R.M. Fuad,2 Mathilde Bizou,2 Damian A. Sanchez,3 Typhaine Anquetil,2 Jack Wang,2 Halima Drissi Touzani Walali,2 Adnan Gopinadhan,3 Patrick Piet van Vliet,2 Joel P. Howard,2 Mysha Ibnat,2 Gregor Andelfinger,2 Ethan Winkler,3 Bruno Larrivée,4 and Alexandre Dubrac1

1Département De Pharmacologie Et De Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada

2Centre De Recherche CHU St. Justine, Montréal, Canada

3Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

4Département d’Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Canada

Find articles by Drapé, E. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Département De Pharmacologie Et De Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada

2Centre De Recherche CHU St. Justine, Montréal, Canada

3Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

4Département d’Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Canada

Find articles by Carrier, L. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Département De Pharmacologie Et De Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada

2Centre De Recherche CHU St. Justine, Montréal, Canada

3Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

4Département d’Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Canada

Find articles by Cagnone, G. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Département De Pharmacologie Et De Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada

2Centre De Recherche CHU St. Justine, Montréal, Canada

3Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

4Département d’Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Canada

Find articles by Fuad, A. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Département De Pharmacologie Et De Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada

2Centre De Recherche CHU St. Justine, Montréal, Canada

3Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

4Département d’Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Canada

Find articles by Bizou, M. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Département De Pharmacologie Et De Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada

2Centre De Recherche CHU St. Justine, Montréal, Canada

3Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

4Département d’Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Canada

Find articles by Sanchez, D. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Département De Pharmacologie Et De Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada

2Centre De Recherche CHU St. Justine, Montréal, Canada

3Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

4Département d’Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Canada

Find articles by Anquetil, T. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Département De Pharmacologie Et De Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada

2Centre De Recherche CHU St. Justine, Montréal, Canada

3Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

4Département d’Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Canada

Find articles by Wang, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Département De Pharmacologie Et De Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada

2Centre De Recherche CHU St. Justine, Montréal, Canada

3Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

4Département d’Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Canada

Find articles by Touzani Walali, H. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Département De Pharmacologie Et De Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada

2Centre De Recherche CHU St. Justine, Montréal, Canada

3Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

4Département d’Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Canada

Find articles by Gopinadhan, A. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Département De Pharmacologie Et De Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada

2Centre De Recherche CHU St. Justine, Montréal, Canada

3Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

4Département d’Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Canada

Find articles by van Vliet, P. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Département De Pharmacologie Et De Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada

2Centre De Recherche CHU St. Justine, Montréal, Canada

3Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

4Département d’Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Canada

Find articles by Howard, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Département De Pharmacologie Et De Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada

2Centre De Recherche CHU St. Justine, Montréal, Canada

3Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

4Département d’Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Canada

Find articles by Ibnat, M. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Département De Pharmacologie Et De Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada

2Centre De Recherche CHU St. Justine, Montréal, Canada

3Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

4Département d’Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Canada

Find articles by Andelfinger, G. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Département De Pharmacologie Et De Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada

2Centre De Recherche CHU St. Justine, Montréal, Canada

3Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

4Département d’Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Canada

Find articles by Winkler, E. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Département De Pharmacologie Et De Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada

2Centre De Recherche CHU St. Justine, Montréal, Canada

3Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

4Département d’Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Canada

Find articles by Larrivée, B. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Département De Pharmacologie Et De Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada

2Centre De Recherche CHU St. Justine, Montréal, Canada

3Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

4Département d’Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Canada

Find articles by Dubrac, A. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

Published August 11, 2026 - More info

J Clin Invest. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI197587.
Copyright © 2026, Drapé et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Published August 11, 2026 - Version history
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Abstract

Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia type 2 (HHT2), caused by mutations in ACVRL1 ( also known as ALK1), is characterized by brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs), abnormal artery–vein connections for which treatment options remain limited. Despite evidence of endothelial cell (EC) heterogeneity, its role in bAVM pathogenesis remains poorly defined. Using endothelial-specific inducible Alk1 knockout mice (Alk1iECKO) and regionally resolved single-cell RNA sequencing, we show that loss of ALK1 signaling induces bAVMs predominantly in the perineural vascular plexus (PNVP). This process is driven by the emergence of a KIT+ angiogenic EC population with human AVM-like transcriptional features, including tip-cell markers and activation of PI3K and KRAS signaling pathways. Cross-species analyses and validation in human samples demonstrate that KIT expression is conserved in endothelial cells from both sporadic and HHT2 brain AVMs. Drug repurposing analysis identified KIT as a top actionable target, and we show that Kit is directly repressed by BMP9–ALK1–SMAD4 signaling. Pharmacological inhibition of KIT reduced angiogenic reprogramming and vascular malformations in vivo without affecting normal vasculature. These findings identify a pathogenic angiogenic EC state and position KIT signaling as a therapeutically actionable pathway in brain AVMs.

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View Supplemental Table 1: Pathway activity gene lists

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  • Version 1 (August 11, 2026): In-Press Preview

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Copyright © 2026 American Society for Clinical Investigation
ISSN: 0021-9738 (print), 1558-8238 (online)

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