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ResearchIn-Press PreviewImmunologyInflammationNeuroscience
Open Access | 
10.1172/JCI196112
Aging-dependent microglial heterogeneity worsens outcomes in models of traumatic brain injury
Zhichao Lu,1 Yi Shuai,2 Chenxing Wang,1 Zongheng Liu,3 Ziheng Wang,4 Qianqian Liu,1 Rui Jiang,1 Jue Zhu,1 Yongqi Zhu,1 Weiquan Liao,1 Xingjia Zhu,1 Jingwei Zhao,5 Kaibin Shi,6 Wei Shi,1 and Peipei Gong1
1Department of Neurosurgery, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
2Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
3Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang, China
4MOE Frontier Science Centre for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, Macau
5Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
6Department of Neurology, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurol, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Find articles by Lu, Z. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Department of Neurosurgery, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
2Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
3Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang, China
4MOE Frontier Science Centre for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, Macau
5Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
6Department of Neurology, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurol, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Find articles by Shuai, Y. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Department of Neurosurgery, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
2Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
3Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang, China
4MOE Frontier Science Centre for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, Macau
5Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
6Department of Neurology, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurol, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Find articles by Wang, C. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Department of Neurosurgery, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
2Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
3Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang, China
4MOE Frontier Science Centre for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, Macau
5Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
6Department of Neurology, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurol, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Find articles by Liu, Z. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Department of Neurosurgery, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
2Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
3Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang, China
4MOE Frontier Science Centre for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, Macau
5Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
6Department of Neurology, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurol, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Wang, Z.
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1Department of Neurosurgery, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
2Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
3Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang, China
4MOE Frontier Science Centre for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, Macau
5Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
6Department of Neurology, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurol, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Find articles by Liu, Q. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Department of Neurosurgery, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
2Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
3Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang, China
4MOE Frontier Science Centre for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, Macau
5Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
6Department of Neurology, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurol, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Find articles by Jiang, R. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Department of Neurosurgery, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
2Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
3Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang, China
4MOE Frontier Science Centre for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, Macau
5Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
6Department of Neurology, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurol, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Find articles by Zhu, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Department of Neurosurgery, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
2Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
3Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang, China
4MOE Frontier Science Centre for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, Macau
5Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
6Department of Neurology, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurol, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Find articles by Zhu, Y. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Department of Neurosurgery, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
2Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
3Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang, China
4MOE Frontier Science Centre for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, Macau
5Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
6Department of Neurology, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurol, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Find articles by Liao, W. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Department of Neurosurgery, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
2Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
3Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang, China
4MOE Frontier Science Centre for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, Macau
5Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
6Department of Neurology, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurol, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Find articles by Zhu, X. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Department of Neurosurgery, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
2Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
3Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang, China
4MOE Frontier Science Centre for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, Macau
5Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
6Department of Neurology, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurol, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Find articles by Zhao, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Department of Neurosurgery, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
2Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
3Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang, China
4MOE Frontier Science Centre for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, Macau
5Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
6Department of Neurology, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurol, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Find articles by Shi, K. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Department of Neurosurgery, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
2Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
3Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang, China
4MOE Frontier Science Centre for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, Macau
5Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
6Department of Neurology, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurol, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Find articles by Shi, W. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Department of Neurosurgery, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
2Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
3Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang, China
4MOE Frontier Science Centre for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, Macau
5Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
6Department of Neurology, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurol, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Find articles by Gong, P. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
Published April 2, 2026 - More info
Copyright © 2026, Lu et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Copyright © 2026 American Society for Clinical Investigation
ISSN: 0021-9738 (print), 1558-8238 (online)