Bert Vogelstein, MD, and Kenneth Kinzler, PhD, are codirectors of the Ludwig Center at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Vogelstein and Kinzler demonstrated that colorectal cancer results from the sequential accumulation of mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, establishing a paradigm for modern cancer genomics. Additionally, they discovered the tumor suppressors APC and TP53; they were the first to perform exomic sequencing in tumors; and they developed digital PCR. In an interview with JCI’s Editor-at-Large Ushma Neill, Vogelstein and Kinzler reflect on their career trajectories and past discoveries and discuss their goals as scientists.
The skin serves as a powerful barrier against microbial, physical, and chemical insults and is maintained through constant proliferation and differentiation of epidermal cells. However, the mechanisms that regulate skin homeostasis are not fully understood. In this episode, Hisahiro Yoshida describes the development and characterization of a strain of mice that exhibit progressive pruritic dermatitis due to the presence of a mutation that results in hyperactivation of JAK1 tyrosine kinase. Treatment of these mice with JAK1 inhibitors delayed disease onset, indicating that JAK1-mediated signaling plays an important role in maintenance of skin barrier function.
Sex-specific differences have been observed in preclinical models of renal ischemic injury. In particular, females recover more readily from ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) than males, and testosterone has been shown to have a negative effect on renal ischemia tolerance. The factors that underlie these sex-dependent discrepancies are poorly understood, and it is not clear if these same differences extend to humans. In this episode, Matthew Levine and David Aufhauser describe the development of several murine renal ischemia and transplant models used to evaluate sex-specific effects on recovery after IRI. Their results demonstrate that recipient, not donor, sex determines transplantation outcomes. Moreover, evaluation of patient data from the United Network for Organ Sharing revealed that male recipients had increased delayed graft function compared to female recipients.
The specialized endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) protect the brain from toxic substances, while allowing oxygen and other nutrients to pass through. The selectivity of the BBB also prevents delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain that could benefit patients with neurological diseases. In this episode, Margaret Bynoe reveals that activation of the A2A adenosine receptor (A2A AR) with the FDA-approved agonist Lexiscan reversibly reduced expression of the drug efflux transporters P-glycoprotein and BCRP1. Moreover, in mouse models, Lexisacn treatment resulted in a greater accumulation of chemotherapeutic drugs in the brain. The results of this study indicate that targeting A2A AR should be further explored for improving drug-delivery to the brain.
Dr. Huda Zoghbi is a pediatric neurologist, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator; a professor in the departments of Pediatrics, Molecular and Human Genetics, and Neurology and Neuroscience at Baylor College of Medicine; and the founding director of the Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital. Her work has focused on elucidating the mechanisms underlying Rett syndrome and spinocerebellar ataxia. In an interview with JCI Editor-at-Large Ushma Neill, Dr. Zoghbi describes her childhood in Beirut, Lebanon. After her medical studies were interrupted by Lebanon’s civil war, Dr. Zoghbi enrolled at Meharry Medical College. She became interested in pediatric neurological disorders during her residency, when she observed many patients with devastating disorders that appeared to have underlying genetic causes. Dr. Zoghbi also describes her discovery of a genetic cause of Rett syndrome, a null mutation in the methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2), which researchers are now trying to target therapeutically.