Phenotypic and pharmacogenetic evaluation of patients with thiazide-induced hyponatremia
James S. Ware, … , Ian P. Hall, Mark Glover
James S. Ware, … , Ian P. Hall, Mark Glover
Published August 7, 2017
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2017;127(9):3367-3374. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI89812.
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Research Article Nephrology

Phenotypic and pharmacogenetic evaluation of patients with thiazide-induced hyponatremia

Abstract

Thiazide diuretics are among the most widely used treatments for hypertension, but thiazide-induced hyponatremia (TIH), a clinically significant adverse effect, is poorly understood. Here, we have studied the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of patients hospitalized with TIH. In a cohort of 109 TIH patients, those with severe TIH displayed an extended phenotype of intravascular volume expansion, increased free water reabsorption, urinary prostaglandin E2 excretion, and reduced excretion of serum chloride, magnesium, zinc, and antidiuretic hormone. GWAS in a separate cohort of 48 TIH patients and 2,922 controls from the 1958 British birth cohort identified an additional 14 regions associated with TIH. We identified a suggestive association with a variant in SLCO2A1, which encodes a prostaglandin transporter in the distal nephron. Resequencing of SLCO2A1 revealed a nonsynonymous variant, rs34550074 (p.A396T), and association with this SNP was replicated in a second cohort of TIH cases. TIH patients with the p.A396T variant demonstrated increased urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2 and metabolites. Moreover, the SLCO2A1 phospho-mimic p.A396E showed loss of transporter function in vitro. These findings indicate that the phenotype of TIH involves a more extensive metabolic derangement than previously recognized. We propose one mechanism underlying TIH development in a subgroup of patients in which SLCO2A1 regulation is altered.

Authors

James S. Ware, Louise V. Wain, Sarath K. Channavajjhala, Victoria E. Jackson, Elizabeth Edwards, Run Lu, Keith Siew, Wenjing Jia, Nick Shrine, Sue Kinnear, Mahli Jalland, Amanda P. Henry, Jenny Clayton, Kevin M. O’Shaughnessy, Martin D. Tobin, Victor L. Schuster, Stuart Cook, Ian P. Hall, Mark Glover

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Figure 1

An overview of study recruitment of TIH cases and controls in cohort 1 and cohort 2.

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An overview of study recruitment of TIH cases and controls in cohort 1 a...
Cohort 1 hyponatremic TIH cases on thiazides with serum sodium levels of less than 130 mM were recruited in 2002 and 2003 together with matched cohort 1 normonatremic thiazide controls. Blood was taken for DNA and clinical details and investigations recorded. Cohort 2 hyponatremic TIH cases on thiazides with serum sodium levels of less than 130 mM were recruited from 2012 to 2015. Blood was taken together with 24-hour urine collection. DNA was extracted from the blood and extensive electrolyte and hormonal phenotyping undertaken. TIH cases were reviewed and phenotyping blood and urine samples repeated after 2 months off thiazide (termed cohort 2 normonatremic TIH cases off thiazides). Two matched control groups were recruited in cohort 2; the first were normonatremic and took thiazides (termed cohort 2 normonatremic thiazide controls), and the second were normonatremic but did not take thiazides (termed cohort 2 normonatremic nonthiazide controls).