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The pseudokinase MLKL mediates programmed hepatocellular necrosis independently of RIPK3 during hepatitis
Claudia Günther, … , Christoph Becker, Stefan Wirtz
Claudia Günther, … , Christoph Becker, Stefan Wirtz
Published October 17, 2016
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2016;126(11):4346-4360. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI87545.
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Research Article Autoimmunity

The pseudokinase MLKL mediates programmed hepatocellular necrosis independently of RIPK3 during hepatitis

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Abstract

Although necrosis and necroinflammation are central features of many liver diseases, the role of programmed necrosis in the context of inflammation-dependent hepatocellular death remains to be fully determined. Here, we have demonstrated that the pseudokinase mixed lineage kinase domain–like protein (MLKL), which plays a key role in the execution of receptor-interacting protein (RIP) kinase–dependent necroptosis, is upregulated and activated in human autoimmune hepatitis and in a murine model of inflammation-dependent hepatitis. Using genetic and pharmacologic approaches, we determined that hepatocellular necrosis in experimental hepatitis is driven by an MLKL-dependent pathway that occurs independently of RIPK3. Moreover, we have provided evidence that the cytotoxic activity of the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ in hepatic inflammation is strongly connected to induction of MLKL expression via activation of the transcription factor STAT1. In summary, our results reveal a pathway for MLKL-dependent programmed necrosis that is executed in the absence of RIPK3 and potentially drives the pathogenesis of severe liver diseases.

Authors

Claudia Günther, Gui-Wei He, Andreas E. Kremer, James M. Murphy, Emma J. Petrie, Kerstin Amann, Peter Vandenabeele, Andreas Linkermann, Christopher Poremba, Ulrike Schleicher, Christin Dewitz, Stefan Krautwald, Markus F. Neurath, Christoph Becker, Stefan Wirtz

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Figure 3

MLKL expression in hepatocytes drives ConA-induced necrotic cell death.

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MLKL expression in hepatocytes drives ConA-induced necrotic cell death.
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(A–D) C57BL/6 and Mlkl–/– mice were i.v. injected with ConA and analyzed 7 hours later. Experiments were repeated 3 times with similar results. (A) Plasma AST/ALT concentrations (n = 4 per group). ***P < 0.001 by paired Student’s t test. (B) Representative images of liver sections stained by TUNEL assay. (C) Quantification of necrotic areas in TUNEL assay–stained livers of ConA-challenged mice (n = 4 per group). ***P < 0.001 by paired Student’s t test. (D) Quantification of Ifng transcripts in liver lysates of mock- or ConA-challenged control and Mlkl–/– mice by qPCR (n > 3 per group). ***P < 0.001 by paired Student’s t test. (E–I) 1 × 107 bone marrow cells isolated from control or Mlkl–/– mice were i.v. injected into lethally irradiated C57BL/6 recipient mice. Eight weeks later, mice were injected with ConA (n = 5 per group). (E) Plasma AST/ALT concentrations (n = 5 per group). (F) Representative images and quantification (n > 4 per group) of TUNEL assay–stained tissue sections. (G) Quantification of serum IFN-γ concentrations and hepatic Ifng transcripts in ConA-treated animals (n = 5 per group). (H) Quantification of hepatic Mlkl and Tnfa transcripts (n = 5 per group). (I) Quantification of TNF-α in supernatants of splenocytes isolated from ConA-challenged mice and stimulated ex situ with PMA/ionomycin for 24 hours (n = 5 per group). Error bars indicate +SD, gene expression levels are shown relative to Hprt. Scale bar: 250 μm. Original magnification in (B and F): ×7.55.

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