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Activation of mTORC1 is essential for β-adrenergic stimulation of adipose browning
Dianxin Liu, … , Michael P. Czech, Sheila Collins
Dianxin Liu, … , Michael P. Czech, Sheila Collins
Published March 28, 2016
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2016;126(5):1704-1716. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI83532.
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Research Article Endocrinology

Activation of mTORC1 is essential for β-adrenergic stimulation of adipose browning

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Abstract

A classic metabolic concept posits that insulin promotes energy storage and adipose expansion, while catecholamines stimulate release of adipose energy stores by hydrolysis of triglycerides through β-adrenergic receptor (βARs) and protein kinase A (PKA) signaling. Here, we have shown that a key hub in the insulin signaling pathway, activation of p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (S6K1) through mTORC1, is also triggered by PKA activation in both mouse and human adipocytes. Mice with mTORC1 impairment, either through adipocyte-specific deletion of Raptor or pharmacologic rapamycin treatment, were refractory to the well-known βAR-dependent increase of uncoupling protein UCP1 expression and expansion of beige/brite adipocytes (so-called browning) in white adipose tissue (WAT). Mechanistically, PKA directly phosphorylated mTOR and RAPTOR on unique serine residues, an effect that was independent of insulin/AKT signaling. Abrogation of the PKA site within RAPTOR disrupted βAR/mTORC1 activation of S6K1 without affecting mTORC1 activation by insulin. Conversely, a phosphomimetic RAPTOR augmented S6K1 activity. Together, these studies reveal a signaling pathway from βARs and PKA through mTORC1 that is required for adipose browning by catecholamines and provides potential therapeutic strategies to enhance energy expenditure and combat metabolic disease.

Authors

Dianxin Liu, Marica Bordicchia, Chaoying Zhang, Huafeng Fang, Wan Wei, Jian-Liang Li, Adilson Guilherme, Kalyani Guntur, Michael P. Czech, Sheila Collins

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Figure 6

PKA phosphorylates mTOR and Raptor.

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PKA phosphorylates mTOR and Raptor.
(A and B) Schematic of mTOR (A) and ...
(A and B) Schematic of mTOR (A) and RAPTOR (B) illustrate the domains and locations of candidate PKA sites. (C) myc-mTOR (left panel) and myc-RAPTOR (right panel) were transfected into HEK293 cells for 24 hours; myc-tagged proteins were IP from cell lysates with anti–c-myc–conjugated beads, washed twice with the lysis buffer, and incubated with PKA catalytic (cPKA) subunit, followed by Western blotting for PKA substrate and myc detection. (D) HEK293 cells transfected with myc-mTOR plasmid and treated 24 hrs later with the PKA inhibitor H89 (15 μM) for 30 minutes, followed by Fsk (10 μM) or Iso (10 μM) for 30 minutes treatment. Myc-mTOR was IP from cell lysates with anti–c-myc–conjugated beads, and Western blots were probed with PKA substrate antisera or anti-myc antisera as indicated. (E) HEK293 cells expressing myc-RAPTOR were treated and analyzed as in panel D. (F and G) HEK293 cells were transfected with either myc-mTOR plasmid (F) or myc-RAPTOR plasmid (G) and treated 24 hours later with Iso (1 μM) or Ins (100 nM) for 30 min, followed by process as in D. (H) HEK293 cells were transfected with myc-mTOR or triple Ser mutant (S3A: S1276A/S1288A/S2112A), followed by the procedure as in C. (I) WT myc-mTOR or the S3A vector was expressed in HEK293 cells, treated as in D, and processed to measure PKA motif phosphorylation or myc as indicated. (J) HEK293 cells were transfected with myc-RAPTOR or S791A plasmid for 24 hrs and proceeded as in C. (K) WT myc-RAPTOR and the Ser mutants S791A and S791A/S792A were expressed in HEK293 cells, treated as in D, and processed to measure PKA motif phosphorylation or myc as indicated. The sample indicated as Iso* are nontransfected cells treated with Iso, revealing a nonspecific band (*). GAPDH served as loading input control.

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