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ResearchIn-Press PreviewGeneticsNeuroscience Open Access | 10.1172/JCI186119

Mutations in spliceosomal gene SNW1 cause neurodevelopment disorders with microcephaly

Lei Ji,1 Jin Yan,2 Nicole A. Losurdo,3 Hua Wang,4 Liangjie Liu,1 Keyi Li,1 Zhen Liu,5 Zhenming Guo,2 Jing Xu,2 Adriana Bibo,3 Decheng Ren,1 Ke Yang,1 Yingying Luo,1 Fengping Yang,1 Gui Wang,2 Zhenglong Xiang,2 Yuan Wang,2 Huaizhe Zhan,2 Hu Pan,5 Juanli Hu,5 Jianmin Zhong,6 Rami Abou Jamra,7 Pia Zacher,8 Luciana Musante,9 Flavio Faletra,10 Paola Costa,9 Caterina Zanus,9 Nathalie Couque,11 Lyse Ruaud,11 Anna Maria Cueto-González,12 Hector San Nicolas Fernández,12 Eduardo Tizzano,12 Núria Martínez Gil,12 Xiaorong Liu,13 Weiping Liao,13 Layal Abi Farraj,14 Alden Y. Huang,14 Liying Zhang,14 Aparna Murali,15 Esther Schmuel,16 Christina S. Han,15 Kayla King,17 Weiyue Gu,18 Pengchao Wang,18 Kai Li,19 Nichole Link,3 Guang He,1 Shan Bian,2 and Xiao Mao5

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Ji, L. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Yan, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Losurdo, N. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Wang, H. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Liu, L. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Li, K. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Liu, Z. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Guo, Z. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Xu, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Bibo, A. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Ren, D. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Yang, K. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Luo, Y. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Yang, F. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Wang, G. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Xiang, Z. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Wang, Y. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Zhan, H. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Pan, H. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Hu, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Zhong, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Abou Jamra, R. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Zacher, P. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Musante, L. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Faletra, F. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Costa, P. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Zanus, C. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Couque, N. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Ruaud, L. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Cueto-González, A. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by San Nicolas Fernández, H. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Tizzano, E. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Martínez Gil, N. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Liu, X. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Liao, W. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Abi Farraj, L. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Huang, A. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Zhang, L. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Murali, A. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Schmuel, E. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Han, C. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by King, K. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Gu, W. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Wang, P. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Li, K. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Link, N. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by He, G. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Bian, S. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neur, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

3Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

4The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

5Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China

6Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China

7Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

8Kleinwachau Epilepsy Center, Radeberg, Germany

9Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy

10Institute of Medical Genetics, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy

11Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France

12Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain

13Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuro, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

15Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

16Comprehensive Materna Fetal Medicine Center, Thousand Oaks, United States of America

17Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Health School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America

18Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China

19Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Find articles by Mao, X. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

Published July 3, 2025 - More info

J Clin Invest. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI186119.
Copyright © 2025, Ji et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Published July 3, 2025 - Version history
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Abstract

The spliceosome is a critical cellular machinery responsible for pre-mRNA splicing, essential for the proper expression of genes. Mutations in its core components are increasingly linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, such as primary microcephaly. Here, we investigated the role of SNW1, a spliceosomal protein, in splicing integrity and neurodevelopment. We identified nine heterozygous mutations in the SNW1 gene in patients presenting with primary microcephaly. These mutations impaired SNW1's interactions with core spliceosomal proteins, leading to defective RNA splicing and reduced protein functionality. Using Drosophila melanogaster and human embryonic stem cell-derived cerebral organoids models, we demonstrated that SNW1 depletion resulted in significant reductions in neural stem cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. RNA-sequencing revealed disrupted alternative splicing, especially skipping exons, and altered expression of neurodevelopment-associated genes (CENPE, MEF2C, and NRXN2). Our findings provide crucial insights into the molecular mechanisms by which SNW1 dysfunction contributes to neurodevelopmental disorders and underscore the importance of proper spliceosome function in brain development.

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Copyright © 2025 American Society for Clinical Investigation
ISSN: 0021-9738 (print), 1558-8238 (online)

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