Abnormal glucose homeostasis in skeletal muscle–specific PGC-1α knockout mice reveals skeletal muscle–pancreatic β cell crosstalk

¹Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ²Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. ³Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. ⁴Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ⁵Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. ⁶Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ⁷Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Address correspondence to: Bruce M. Spiegelman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Smith Building, One Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Phone: (617) 632-3567; Fax: (617) 632-4655; E-mail: bruce_spiegelman@dfci.harvard.edu.

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¹Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ²Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. ³Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. ⁴Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ⁵Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. ⁶Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ⁷Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Address correspondence to: Bruce M. Spiegelman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Smith Building, One Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Phone: (617) 632-3567; Fax: (617) 632-4655; E-mail: bruce_spiegelman@dfci.harvard.edu.

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¹Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ²Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. ³Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. ⁴Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ⁵Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. ⁶Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ⁷Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Address correspondence to: Bruce M. Spiegelman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Smith Building, One Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Phone: (617) 632-3567; Fax: (617) 632-4655; E-mail: bruce_spiegelman@dfci.harvard.edu.

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¹Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ²Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. ³Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. ⁴Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ⁵Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. ⁶Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ⁷Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Address correspondence to: Bruce M. Spiegelman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Smith Building, One Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Phone: (617) 632-3567; Fax: (617) 632-4655; E-mail: bruce_spiegelman@dfci.harvard.edu.

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¹Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ²Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. ³Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. ⁴Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ⁵Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. ⁶Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ⁷Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Address correspondence to: Bruce M. Spiegelman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Smith Building, One Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Phone: (617) 632-3567; Fax: (617) 632-4655; E-mail: bruce_spiegelman@dfci.harvard.edu.

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¹Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ²Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. ³Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. ⁴Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ⁵Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. ⁶Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ⁷Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Address correspondence to: Bruce M. Spiegelman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Smith Building, One Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Phone: (617) 632-3567; Fax: (617) 632-4655; E-mail: bruce_spiegelman@dfci.harvard.edu.

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¹Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ²Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. ³Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. ⁴Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ⁵Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. ⁶Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ⁷Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Address correspondence to: Bruce M. Spiegelman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Smith Building, One Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Phone: (617) 632-3567; Fax: (617) 632-4655; E-mail: bruce_spiegelman@dfci.harvard.edu.

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¹Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ²Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. ³Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. ⁴Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ⁵Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. ⁶Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ⁷Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Address correspondence to: Bruce M. Spiegelman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Smith Building, One Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Phone: (617) 632-3567; Fax: (617) 632-4655; E-mail: bruce_spiegelman@dfci.harvard.edu.

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¹Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ²Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. ³Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. ⁴Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ⁵Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. ⁶Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ⁷Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Address correspondence to: Bruce M. Spiegelman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Smith Building, One Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Phone: (617) 632-3567; Fax: (617) 632-4655; E-mail: bruce_spiegelman@dfci.harvard.edu.

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¹Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ²Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. ³Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. ⁴Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ⁵Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. ⁶Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ⁷Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Address correspondence to: Bruce M. Spiegelman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Smith Building, One Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Phone: (617) 632-3567; Fax: (617) 632-4655; E-mail: bruce_spiegelman@dfci.harvard.edu.

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¹Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ²Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. ³Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. ⁴Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ⁵Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. ⁶Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ⁷Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Address correspondence to: Bruce M. Spiegelman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Smith Building, One Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Phone: (617) 632-3567; Fax: (617) 632-4655; E-mail: bruce_spiegelman@dfci.harvard.edu.

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¹Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ²Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. ³Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. ⁴Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ⁵Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. ⁶Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ⁷Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Address correspondence to: Bruce M. Spiegelman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Smith Building, One Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Phone: (617) 632-3567; Fax: (617) 632-4655; E-mail: bruce_spiegelman@dfci.harvard.edu.

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¹Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ²Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. ³Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. ⁴Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ⁵Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. ⁶Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ⁷Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Address correspondence to: Bruce M. Spiegelman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Smith Building, One Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Phone: (617) 632-3567; Fax: (617) 632-4655; E-mail: bruce_spiegelman@dfci.harvard.edu.

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