p38 MAP kinase activation by Clostridium difficile toxin A mediates monocyte necrosis, IL-8 production, and enteritis

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Abstract

Clostridium difficile toxin A causes acute neutrophil infiltration and intestinal mucosal injury. In cultured cells, toxin A inactivates Rho proteins by monoglucosylation. In monocytes, toxin A induces IL-8 production and necrosis by unknown mechanisms. We investigated the role of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in these events. In THP-1 monocytic cells, toxin A activated the 3 main MAP kinase cascades within 1 to 2 minutes. Activation of p38 was sustained, whereas stimulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase was transient. Rho glucosylation became evident after 15 minutes. IL-8 gene expression was reduced by 70% by the MEK inhibitor PD98059 and abrogated by the p38 inhibitor SB203580 or by overexpression of dominant-negative mutants of the p38-activating kinases MKK3 and MKK6. SB203580 also blocked monocyte necrosis and IL-1β release caused by toxin A but not by other toxins. Finally, in mouse ileum, SB203580 prevented toxin A–induced neutrophil recruitment by 92% and villous destruction by 90%. Thus, in monocytes exposed to toxin A, MAP kinase activation appears to precede Rho glucosylation and is required for IL-8 transcription and cell necrosis. p38 MAP kinase also mediates intestinal inflammation and mucosal damage induced by toxin A.

Authors

Michel Warny, Andrew C. Keates, Sarah Keates, Ignazio Castagliuolo, Jeff K. Zacks, Samer Aboudola, Amir Qamar, Charalabos Pothoulakis, J. Thomas LaMont, Ciarán P. Kelly