Microglial activation underlies cerebellar deficits produced by repeated cannabis exposure
Laura Cutando, … , Rafael Maldonado, Andrés Ozaita
Laura Cutando, … , Rafael Maldonado, Andrés Ozaita
Published June 24, 2013
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2013;123(7):2816-2831. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI67569.
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Research Article

Microglial activation underlies cerebellar deficits produced by repeated cannabis exposure

Abstract

Chronic cannabis exposure can lead to cerebellar dysfunction in humans, but the neurobiological mechanisms involved remain incompletely understood. Here, we found that in mice, subchronic administration of the psychoactive component of cannabis, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), activated cerebellar microglia and increased the expression of neuroinflammatory markers, including IL-1β. This neuroinflammatory phenotype correlated with deficits in cerebellar conditioned learning and fine motor coordination. The neuroinflammatory phenotype was readily detectable in the cerebellum of mice with global loss of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R, Cb1–/– mice) and in mice lacking CB1R in the cerebellar parallel fibers, suggesting that CB1R downregulation in the cerebellar molecular layer plays a key role in THC-induced cerebellar deficits. Expression of CB2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) and Il1b mRNA was increased under neuroinflammatory conditions in activated CD11b-positive microglial cells. Furthermore, administration of the immunosuppressant minocycline or an inhibitor of IL-1β receptor signaling prevented the deficits in cerebellar function in Cb1–/– and THC-withdrawn mice. Our results suggest that cerebellar microglial activation plays a crucial role in the cerebellar deficits induced by repeated cannabis exposure.

Authors

Laura Cutando, Arnau Busquets-Garcia, Emma Puighermanal, Maria Gomis-González, José María Delgado-García, Agnès Gruart, Rafael Maldonado, Andrés Ozaita

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Figure 4

MIN treatment prevents the cerebellar deficits produced by THC exposure.

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MIN treatment prevents the cerebellar deficits produced by THC exposure....
(A) Percentage of conditioned eyelid responses collected from mice receiving MIN or SAL after subchronic THC-5 or VEH treatment (n = 9–11 mice per group) (see Supplemental Figure 1B for experimental chronogram). (B) Motor coordination analysis at the end of subchronic exposure to MIN or SAL in mice that had previously received THC-5 or VEH (n = 15 mice per group). Alterations in motor coordination evaluated in the coat-hanger test were ameliorated by subchronic MIN administration. (C) Percentage of conditioned eyelid responses collected from mice receiving MIN or SAL after subchronic THC-20 or VEH treatment (n = 9–11 mice per group). See Supplemental Figure 1B for experimental chronogram. (D) Motor coordination analysis at the end of subchronic exposure to MIN or SAL in mice that had previously received THC-20 or VEH (n = 15 mice per group). Impairment in motor coordination skills measured by the coat-hanger test was prevented with subchronic MIN treatment. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 versus subchronic VEH plus SAL (5 days) treatment. #P < 0.05; ##P < 0.01; ###P < 0.001 versus subchronic THC (5 or 20 mg/kg) plus SAL (5 days) treatment.