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Virus-induced hepatocellular carcinomas cause antigen-specific local tolerance
Gerald Willimsky, … , Johanna Gellermann, Thomas Blankenstein
Gerald Willimsky, … , Johanna Gellermann, Thomas Blankenstein
Published February 1, 2013
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2013;123(3):1032-1043. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI64742.
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Research Article Oncology

Virus-induced hepatocellular carcinomas cause antigen-specific local tolerance

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Abstract

T cell surveillance is often effective against virus-associated tumors because of their high immunogenicity. It is not clear why surveillance occasionally fails, particularly against hepatitis B virus– or hepatitis C virus–associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We established a transgenic murine model of virus-induced HCC by hepatocyte-specific adenovirus-induced activation of the oncogenic SV40 large T antigen (TAg). Adenovirus infection induced cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) targeted against the virus and TAg, leading to clearance of the infected cells. Despite the presence of functional, antigen-specific T cells, a few virus-infected cells escaped immune clearance and progressed to HCC. These cells expressed TAg at levels similar to HCC isolated from neonatal TAg-tolerant mice, suggesting that CTL clearance does not select for cells with low immunogenicity. Virus-infected mice revealed significantly greater T cell infiltration in early-stage HCC compared with that in late-stage HCC, demonstrating progressive local immune suppression through inefficient T cell infiltration. Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 were expressed in all TAg-specific CD8+ T cells and HCC, respectively, which contributed to local tumor-antigen-specific tolerance. Thus, we have developed a model of virus-induced HCC that may allow for a better understanding of human HCC.

Authors

Gerald Willimsky, Karin Schmidt, Christoph Loddenkemper, Johanna Gellermann, Thomas Blankenstein

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Figure 4

Transplanted Ad.Cre-induced HCCs from LoxP-TAg mice are as immunogenic as those from TAg-tolerant LoxP-TAg × Alb-Cre mice.

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Transplanted Ad.Cre-induced HCCs from LoxP-TAg mice are as immunogenic a...
(A) Similar TAg expression in HCC lines derived from Ad.Cre-treated LoxP-TAg mice and LoxP-TAg × Alb-Cre mice. Western blot analysis of TAg expression in primary HCC lines derived from Ad.Cre-treated LoxP-TAg mice (Ad.56, Ad.451, Ad.434) and LoxP-TAg × Alb-Cre mice (Alb.7, Alb.14). Sporadic TAg+ tumor line 16.113 was used as a control. 20 μg protein was separated by SDS-PAGE gel, blotted onto nitrocellulose membrane, and incubated with anti-TAg antibodies. After autoradiography, the membrane was stripped and reprobed with anti–β-actin antibodies as loading control. The lanes were run on the same gel but were noncontiguous. (B) TAg+ HCC lines induced pIV-specific CTLs. 1 × 106 cells of tumor lines 16.113 and HCC lines as indicated were injected s.c. into B6 mice, and 10 days later pIV-specific in vivo kill was assays were performed as in Figure 3. The percentage of specific killing of peptide-loaded cells is indicated. Each symbol represents 1 mouse; bars indicate mean values. The P value represents overall significance of the graph calculated by Krusal-Wallis test. In a separate experiment, 1 × 106 TAg+ HCC cells and, as a control tumor line, 16.113 cells, were injected s.c. into untreated 8- to 12-week-old Rag-2–deficient and immunocompetent B6 mice. Tumor growth was followed using calliper measurement. Shown is the number of mice that rejected challenge tumor per mice in experiment. Mice were observed until challenge tumors grew up to an average size of at least 10 mm in diameter. Mice that rejected the transplanted tumor cells were observed for at least 90 days.

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ISSN: 0021-9738 (print), 1558-8238 (online)

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