Myeloperoxidase-generated reactive nitrogen species convert LDL into an atherogenic form in vitro
Eugene A. Podrez, David Schmitt, Henry F. Hoff, Stanley L. Hazen
Eugene A. Podrez, David Schmitt, Henry F. Hoff, Stanley L. Hazen
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Myeloperoxidase-generated reactive nitrogen species convert LDL into an atherogenic form in vitro

Abstract

Oxidized LDL is implicated in atherosclerosis; however, the pathways that convert LDL into an atherogenic form in vivo are not established. Production of reactive nitrogen species may be one important pathway, since LDL recovered from human atherosclerotic aorta is enriched in nitrotyrosine. We now report that reactive nitrogen species generated by the MPO-H2O2-NO2– system of monocytes convert LDL into a form (NO2-LDL) that is avidly taken up and degraded by macrophages, leading to massive cholesterol deposition and foam cell formation, essential steps in lesion development. Incubation of LDL with isolated MPO, an H2O2-generating system, and nitrite (NO2–)— a major end-product of NO metabolism—resulted in nitration of apolipoprotein B 100 tyrosyl residues and initiation of LDL lipid peroxidation. The time course of LDL protein nitration and lipid peroxidation paralleled the acquisition of high-affinity, concentration-dependent, and saturable binding of NO2-LDL to human monocyte–derived macrophages and mouse peritoneal macrophages. LDL modification and conversion into a high-uptake form occurred in the absence of free metal ions, required NO2–, occurred at physiological levels of Cl–, and was inhibited by heme poisons, catalase, and BHT. Macrophage binding of NO2-LDL was specific and mediated by neither the LDL receptor nor the scavenger receptor class A type I. Exposure of macrophages to NO2-LDL promoted cholesteryl ester synthesis, intracellular cholesterol and cholesteryl ester accumulation, and foam cell formation. Collectively, these results identify MPO-generated reactive nitrogen species as a physiologically plausible pathway for converting LDL into an atherogenic form.

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Eugene A. Podrez, David Schmitt, Henry F. Hoff, Stanley L. Hazen

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(a) Size exclusion chromatography. (b) The effect of cytochalasin D trea...
(a) Size exclusion chromatography. (b) The effect of cytochalasin D treatment on macrophage degradation of modified forms of LDL. (a) Native [125I]LDL (LDL; filled circles), copper oxidized [125I]LDL (oxLDL; filled squares), and [125I]LDL modified by the complete MPO-H2O2-NO2– system (NO2-LDL; filled triangles) were prepared and individually fractionated on a Sephacryl S400-HR column as described in Methods. The elution profiles of native and modified lipoproteins are shown. The void volume (v) of the column is indicated. (b) Acetylated [125I]LDL (acLDL), vortex-aggregated [125I]LDL (aggrLDL), and [125I]LDL modified by the complete MPO-H2O2-NO2– system (NO2-LDL) were prepared as described in Methods. The 125I-labeled lipoprotein preparations were then individually incubated (5 μg/mL) with thioglycollate-elicited MPMs at 37°C for 5 hours in the presence or absence of cytochalasin D (1 μg/mL) in media supplemented with catalase (300 nM) and BHT (20 μM). Cellular degradation of lipoprotein was subsequently determined as described in Methods. Results are expressed as the percentage of lipoprotein degradation observed in the presence vs. absence of cytochalasin D treatment. Lipoprotein degradation by non-cytochalasin D–treated macrophages (control) exposed to acLDL, aggrLDL, and NO2-LDL preparations was 3.69 ± 0.14, 1.78 ± 0.03, and 1.49 ± 0.08 μg LDL per milligram of cell protein, respectively. Data represent the mean ± SD of triplicate determinations from a representative experiment performed in duplicate.