Increased SRF transcriptional activity in human and mouse skeletal muscle is a signature of insulin resistance

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Abstract

Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle is a key phenotype associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) for which the molecular mediators remain unclear. We therefore conducted an expression analysis of human muscle biopsies from patients with T2D; normoglycemic but insulin-resistant subjects with a parental family history (FH+) of T2D; and family history-negative control individuals (FH–). Actin cytoskeleton genes regulated by serum response factor (SRF) and its coactivator megakaryoblastic leukemia 1 (MKL1) had increased expression in T2D and FH+ groups. Furthermore, striated muscle activator of Rho signaling (STARS), an activator of SRF, was upregulated in T2D and FH+ and was inversely correlated with insulin sensitivity. Skeletal muscle from insulin-resistant mice recapitulated this gene expression pattern and showed reduced G-actin and increased nuclear localization of MKL1, each of which regulates SRF activity. Overexpression of MKL1 or reduction in G-actin decreased insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation, whereas reduction of STARS expression increased insulin signaling and glucose uptake. Pharmacological SRF inhibition by CCG-1423 reduced nuclear MKL1 and improved glucose uptake and tolerance in insulin-resistant mice in vivo. Thus, SRF pathway alterations are linked to insulin resistance, may contribute to T2D pathogenesis, and could represent therapeutic targets.

Authors

Wanzhu Jin, Allison B. Goldfine, Tanner Boes, Robert R. Henry, Theodore P. Ciaraldi, Eun-Young Kim, Merve Emecan, Connor Fitzpatrick, Anish Sen, Ankit Shah, Edward Mun, Martha Vokes, Joshua Schroeder, Elizabeth Tatro, Jose Jimenez-Chillaron, Mary-Elizabeth Patti