Regulation of chondrogenesis and chondrocyte differentiation by stress
Michael J. Zuscik, … , Di Chen, Regis J. O’Keefe
Michael J. Zuscik, … , Di Chen, Regis J. O’Keefe
Published February 1, 2008
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2008;118(2):429-438. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI34174.
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Regulation of chondrogenesis and chondrocyte differentiation by stress

Abstract

Chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification are the cartilage differentiation processes that lead to skeletal formation and growth in the developing vertebrate as well as skeletal repair in the adult. The exquisite regulation of these processes, both in normal development and in pathologic situations, is impacted by a number of different types of stress. These include normal stressors such as mechanical loading and hypoxia as well pathologic stressors such as injury and/or inflammation and environmental toxins. This article provides an overview of the processes of chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification and their control at the molecular level. A summary of the influence of the most well-understood normal and pathologic stressors on the differentiation program is also presented.

Authors

Michael J. Zuscik, Matthew J Hilton, Xinping Zhang, Di Chen, Regis J. O’Keefe

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Figure 2

Contribution of the periosteum to the early phase of fracture healing.

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Contribution of the periosteum to the early phase of fracture healing. (...
(A) Periosteum is a well-microvascularized tissue, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner cambium layer. Children have thicker and better-vascularized cambium layers than adults (i versus ii). (B) The cambium layer contains abundant stem/progenitor cells that can differentiate into bone and cartilage (i). Following fracture or osteotomy, progenitor cells residing in the periosteum are activated and enter the cell cycle (ii), followed by differentiation into osteoblastic and chondrogenic (green) lineage cells (iii). Further differentiation of the osteoblasts and chondrocytes leads to intramembranous bone formation (gray) and a mature cartilage template (blue) (iv). The vascular invasion of the cartilage template (v) coupled with bone formation completes the process of endochondral bone repair (vi).