Glucose transport and sensing in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis and metabolic harmony
Mark A. Herman, Barbara B. Kahn
Mark A. Herman, Barbara B. Kahn
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Glucose transport and sensing in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis and metabolic harmony

Abstract

Recent data underscore the importance of intertissue communication in the maintenance of normal glucose homeostasis. Important signals are conveyed by hormones, cytokines, and fuel substrates and are sensed through a variety of cellular mechanisms. The ability of tissues to sense and adapt to changes in metabolic status and fuel availability is altered in insulin-resistant states including type 2 diabetes. Here we review the roles of glucose and its metabolites as signaling molecules and the diverse physiologic mechanisms for glucose sensing.

Authors

Mark A. Herman, Barbara B. Kahn

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Figure 1

Molecular glucose sensing.

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Molecular glucose sensing. Upon entering cells of various types, numerou...
Upon entering cells of various types, numerous glucose-derived metabolites are sensed by a variety of cellular sensors, including glycogen synthase, ChREBP, AMPK, SIRT1–PGC-1α, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1), and KATP channels. Via its diverse metabolites and their sensors, glucose entering the cell changes gene transcription, modulates signal transduction networks, and alters substrate flux through anabolic and catabolic pathways. ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; FA, fatty acid; F6P, fructose-6-phosphate; GLUT, facilitative glucose transporter; GP, glycogen phosphorylase; G6P, glucose-6-phosphate; GS, glycogen synthase; HK/GK, hexokinase/glucokinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; OXA, oxaloacetate; PC, pyruvate carboxylase; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; PPP, pentose phosphate pathway.