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Research LetterIn-Press PreviewClinical ResearchVascular biology
Open Access | 
10.1172/JCI199159
GDF15 is a putative biomarker for distinguishing pulmonary veno-occlusive disease and pulmonary arterial hypertension
Amit Prabhakar,1 Eckart M.D.D. De Bie,2 Jacqueline T. DesJardin,3 Prajakta Ghatpande,1 Stefan Gräf,2 Luke S. Howard,4 S. John Wort,4 Colin Church,5 David G. Kiely,6 Emily Sumpena,3 Thin Aung,3 Shenrae Carter,7 Jasleen Kukreja,7 Steven Hays,7 John R. Greenland,7 Jonathan P. Singer,7 Michael Wax,7 Paul J. Wolters,7 Marc A. Simon,3 Mark Toshner,2 Giorgio Lagna,1 and Akiko Hata1
1Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
2Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Pulmonary Vascular Disease, PAH Center of Comprehensive Care, Division of C, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
4Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
5Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit and Cardiology Department, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
6Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit and NIHR Biomedical Research Centr, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK and Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
7Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
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1Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
2Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Pulmonary Vascular Disease, PAH Center of Comprehensive Care, Division of C, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
4Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
5Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit and Cardiology Department, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
6Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit and NIHR Biomedical Research Centr, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK and Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
7Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
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1Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
2Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Pulmonary Vascular Disease, PAH Center of Comprehensive Care, Division of C, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
4Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
5Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit and Cardiology Department, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
6Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit and NIHR Biomedical Research Centr, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK and Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
7Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
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1Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
2Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Pulmonary Vascular Disease, PAH Center of Comprehensive Care, Division of C, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
4Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
5Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit and Cardiology Department, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
6Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit and NIHR Biomedical Research Centr, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK and Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
7Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
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1Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
2Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Pulmonary Vascular Disease, PAH Center of Comprehensive Care, Division of C, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
4Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
5Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit and Cardiology Department, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
6Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit and NIHR Biomedical Research Centr, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK and Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
7Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
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1Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
2Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Pulmonary Vascular Disease, PAH Center of Comprehensive Care, Division of C, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
4Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
5Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit and Cardiology Department, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
6Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit and NIHR Biomedical Research Centr, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK and Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
7Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
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1Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
2Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Pulmonary Vascular Disease, PAH Center of Comprehensive Care, Division of C, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
4Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
5Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit and Cardiology Department, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
6Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit and NIHR Biomedical Research Centr, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK and Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
7Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
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1Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
2Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Pulmonary Vascular Disease, PAH Center of Comprehensive Care, Division of C, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
4Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
5Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit and Cardiology Department, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
6Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit and NIHR Biomedical Research Centr, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK and Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
7Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
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1Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
2Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Pulmonary Vascular Disease, PAH Center of Comprehensive Care, Division of C, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
4Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
5Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit and Cardiology Department, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
6Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit and NIHR Biomedical Research Centr, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK and Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
7Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
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1Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
2Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Pulmonary Vascular Disease, PAH Center of Comprehensive Care, Division of C, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
4Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
5Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit and Cardiology Department, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
6Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit and NIHR Biomedical Research Centr, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK and Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
7Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
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1Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
2Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Pulmonary Vascular Disease, PAH Center of Comprehensive Care, Division of C, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
4Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
5Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit and Cardiology Department, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
6Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit and NIHR Biomedical Research Centr, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK and Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
7Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
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1Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
2Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Pulmonary Vascular Disease, PAH Center of Comprehensive Care, Division of C, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
4Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
5Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit and Cardiology Department, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
6Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit and NIHR Biomedical Research Centr, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK and Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
7Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
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1Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
2Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Pulmonary Vascular Disease, PAH Center of Comprehensive Care, Division of C, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
4Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
5Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit and Cardiology Department, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
6Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit and NIHR Biomedical Research Centr, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK and Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
7Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
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1Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
2Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Pulmonary Vascular Disease, PAH Center of Comprehensive Care, Division of C, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
4Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
5Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit and Cardiology Department, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
6Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit and NIHR Biomedical Research Centr, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK and Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
7Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
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2Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Pulmonary Vascular Disease, PAH Center of Comprehensive Care, Division of C, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
4Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
5Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit and Cardiology Department, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
6Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit and NIHR Biomedical Research Centr, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK and Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
7Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
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2Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Pulmonary Vascular Disease, PAH Center of Comprehensive Care, Division of C, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
4Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
5Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit and Cardiology Department, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
6Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit and NIHR Biomedical Research Centr, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK and Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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2Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Pulmonary Vascular Disease, PAH Center of Comprehensive Care, Division of C, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
4Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
5Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit and Cardiology Department, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
6Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit and NIHR Biomedical Research Centr, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK and Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
7Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
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2Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Pulmonary Vascular Disease, PAH Center of Comprehensive Care, Division of C, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
4Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
5Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit and Cardiology Department, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
6Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit and NIHR Biomedical Research Centr, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK and Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
7Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
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2Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Pulmonary Vascular Disease, PAH Center of Comprehensive Care, Division of C, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
4Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
5Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit and Cardiology Department, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
6Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit and NIHR Biomedical Research Centr, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK and Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
7Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
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1Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
2Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Pulmonary Vascular Disease, PAH Center of Comprehensive Care, Division of C, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
4Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
5Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit and Cardiology Department, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
6Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit and NIHR Biomedical Research Centr, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK and Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
7Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
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1Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
2Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Pulmonary Vascular Disease, PAH Center of Comprehensive Care, Division of C, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
4Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
5Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit and Cardiology Department, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
6Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit and NIHR Biomedical Research Centr, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK and Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
7Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
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1Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
2Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Pulmonary Vascular Disease, PAH Center of Comprehensive Care, Division of C, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
4Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
5Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit and Cardiology Department, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
6Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit and NIHR Biomedical Research Centr, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK and Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
7Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
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Published November 20, 2025 - More info
Copyright © 2025, Prabhakar et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Copyright © 2025 American Society for Clinical Investigation
ISSN: 0021-9738 (print), 1558-8238 (online)