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Intestinal ion transport and the pathophysiology of diarrhea
Michael Field
Michael Field
Published April 1, 2003
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2003;111(7):931-943. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI18326.
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Science in Medicine

Intestinal ion transport and the pathophysiology of diarrhea

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Abstract

Authors

Michael Field

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Figure 3

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Cellular mechanism of action of cholera toxin. (a) The toxin, through it...
Cellular mechanism of action of cholera toxin. (a) The toxin, through its B subunits, which encircle the enzymically active A subunit, binds to the ubiquitous glycolipid membrane receptor, the monosialoganglioside GM1. (b) The entire complex is endocytosed by both clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent means. (c) Inwardly directed proton pumps acidify the CT-containing endocytic vesicle, causing the toxin subunits to dissociate. Then the enzymically active A1 peptide is inserted into the vesicle membrane, with its catalytic site exposed to cytoplasm. (d) The A1 peptide is an ADP-ribosyltransferase that cleaves NAD into adenosine diphosphoribose (ADPR) and nicotinamide and covalently bonds the former to the α subunit of the Gs adenylyl cyclase–stimulatory G protein. (e) The intrinsic GTPase activity of the ADPR-modified α subunit of Gs is markedly inhibited, allowing GTP to remain bound to it; the Gsα-GTP complex separates from its membrane mooring to Gsβ and Gsγ, attaching to and activating adenylyl cyclase (AdCy).
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