Intact and defective HIV proviral DNA (A), correlations (Spearman’s method) between IPD fold change (post-ATI1/pre-ATI) and pre-ATI IPD (B) or plasma viremia during ATI (C), pre-ATI and post-ATI1 residual plasma viremia (D), pre-ATI and post-ATI1 levels of PD-L1 and perforin (E), frequency of MAIT cells (F), polyfunctional HIV-specific T cell response (G), and percentage of CD56^dimCD16⁺CD57⁺ NK cells (H). Open symbols indicate values under the limit of detection, and black bars indicate the geometric mean or median. P values were determined using Wilcoxon’s matched-pairs signed rank test (A, D, and E) and adjusted using the Holm-Bonferroni method (A) and the Mann-Whitney U test (F–H).