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ResearchIn-Press PreviewImmunologyVaccines Open Access | 10.1172/JCI171797

SARS-CoV2 mRNA-vaccination-induced immunological memory in human non-lymphoid and lymphoid tissues

Vanessa Proß,1 Arne Sattler,1 Söeren Lukassen,2 Laura Tóth,1 Linda Marie Laura Thole,1 Janine Siegle,1 Carolin Stahl,1 An He,1 Georg Damm,3 Daniel Seehofer,3 Christina Götz,3 Christian Bayerl,4 Pia Jäger,1 Alexander Macke,5 Stephan Eggeling,6 Bernadette Kirzinger,6 Thomas Mayr,6 Hermann Herbst,7 Katharina Beyer,1 Dominik Laue,8 Jan Krönke,9 Jan Braune,9 Friederike Rosseck,10 Beatrice Kittner,11 Frank Friedersdorff,11 Mandy Hubatsch,12 Sarah Weinberger,12 Nils Lachmann,13 Veit Maria Hofmann,14 Eva Schrezenmeier,15 Carolin Ludwig,16 Hubert Schrezenmeier,16 Katharina Jechow,2 Christian Conrad,2 and Katja Kotsch1

1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

Find articles by Proß, V. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

Find articles by Sattler, A. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

Find articles by Lukassen, S. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

Find articles by Tóth, L. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

Find articles by Thole, L. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

Find articles by Siegle, J. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

Find articles by Stahl, C. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

Find articles by He, A. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

Find articles by Damm, G. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

Find articles by Seehofer, D. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

Find articles by Götz, C. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

Find articles by Bayerl, C. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

Find articles by Jäger, P. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

Find articles by Macke, A. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

Find articles by Eggeling, S. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

Find articles by Kirzinger, B. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

Find articles by Mayr, T. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

Find articles by Herbst, H. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

Find articles by Beyer, K. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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1Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

2Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

4Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

5Department of Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

7Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany

8Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

9Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

10Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

11Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany

12Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

13HLA Laboratory, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

14Department of Otolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

15Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

16Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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Published October 10, 2023 - More info

J Clin Invest. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI171797.
Copyright © 2023, Proß et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Published October 10, 2023 - Version history
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Abstract

Tissue-resident lymphocytes provide organ-adapted protection against invading pathogens. Whereas their biology has been examined in great detail in various infection models, their generation and functionality in response to vaccination has not been comprehensively analyzed in humans. We therefore studied SARS-CoV2 mRNA-vaccine-specific T cells in surgery specimens of kidney, liver, lung, bone marrow and spleen in comparison to paired blood samples from largely virus-naïve individuals. As opposed to lymphoid tissues, non-lymphoid organs harbored significantly elevated frequencies of Spike-specific CD4+ T cells compared to blood showing hallmarks of tissue residency and an expanded memory pool. Organ-derived CD4+ T cells further exhibited increased polyfunctionality over those detected in blood. Single-cell RNA sequencing together with T cell receptor repertoire analysis indicated that the clonotype rather than organ origin is a major determinant of transcriptomic state in vaccine-specific CD4+ T cells. In summary, our data demonstrate that SARS-CoV2 vaccination entails acquisition of tissue memory and residency features in organs distant from the inoculation site, thereby contributing to our understanding of how local tissue protection might be accomplished.

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