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ResearchIn-Press PreviewImmunologyNephrologyVascular biology
Open Access | 
10.1172/JCI168962
Organ-specific features of human kidney lymphatics are disrupted in chronic transplant rejection
Daniyal J. Jafree,1 Benjamin J Stewart,2 Karen L. Price,1 Maria Kolatsi-Joannou,1 Camille Laroche,1 Barian Mohidin,1 Benjamin Davis,3 Hannah Mitchell,4 Lauren G. Russell,1 Lucía Marinas del Rey,5 Chun Jing Wang,6 William J. Mason,1 Byung Il Lee,7 Lauren Heptinstall,5 Ayshwarya Subramanian,8 Gideon Pomeranz,1 Dale Moulding,1 Laura Wilson,1 Tahmina Wickenden,1 Saif N. Malik,1 Natalie Holroyd,9 Claire L. Walsh,9 Jennifer C. Chandler,1 Kevin X. Cao,1 Paul J.D. Winyard,1 Adrian S. Woolf,10 Marc Aurel Busche,7 Simon Walker-Samuel,9 Lucy S.K. Walker,6 Tessa Crompton,11 Peter J. Scambler,1 Reza Motallebzadeh,5 Menna R. Clatworthy,2 and David A. Long1
1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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1Developmental Biology & Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
2Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
4Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
5UCL Centre for Kidney & Bladder Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
6UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
7UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
8Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
9UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, United Kingdom
10School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
11Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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Published July 15, 2025 - More info
Copyright © 2025, Jafree et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Copyright © 2025 American Society for Clinical Investigation
ISSN: 0021-9738 (print), 1558-8238 (online)