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ResearchIn-Press PreviewCOVID-19Immunology Free access | 10.1172/JCI144734
1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
2Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
3Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
4Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
5Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America
6Health Care Services Stockholm County, Stockholm, Sweden
7Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
9Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Kenya
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1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
2Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
3Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
4Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
5Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America
6Health Care Services Stockholm County, Stockholm, Sweden
7Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
9Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Kenya
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1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
2Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
3Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
4Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
5Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America
6Health Care Services Stockholm County, Stockholm, Sweden
7Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
9Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Kenya
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1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
2Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
3Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
4Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
5Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America
6Health Care Services Stockholm County, Stockholm, Sweden
7Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
9Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Kenya
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1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
2Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
3Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
4Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
5Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America
6Health Care Services Stockholm County, Stockholm, Sweden
7Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
9Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Kenya
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1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
2Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
3Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
4Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
5Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America
6Health Care Services Stockholm County, Stockholm, Sweden
7Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
9Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Kenya
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1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
2Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
3Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
4Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
5Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America
6Health Care Services Stockholm County, Stockholm, Sweden
7Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
9Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Kenya
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1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
2Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
3Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
4Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
5Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America
6Health Care Services Stockholm County, Stockholm, Sweden
7Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
9Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Kenya
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1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
2Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
3Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
4Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
5Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America
6Health Care Services Stockholm County, Stockholm, Sweden
7Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
9Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Kenya
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1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
2Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
3Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
4Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
5Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America
6Health Care Services Stockholm County, Stockholm, Sweden
7Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
9Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Kenya
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1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
2Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
3Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
4Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
5Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America
6Health Care Services Stockholm County, Stockholm, Sweden
7Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
9Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Kenya
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1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
2Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
3Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
4Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
5Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America
6Health Care Services Stockholm County, Stockholm, Sweden
7Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
9Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Kenya
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1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
2Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
3Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
4Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
5Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America
6Health Care Services Stockholm County, Stockholm, Sweden
7Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
9Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Kenya
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1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
2Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
3Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
4Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
5Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America
6Health Care Services Stockholm County, Stockholm, Sweden
7Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
9Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Kenya
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1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
2Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
3Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
4Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
5Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America
6Health Care Services Stockholm County, Stockholm, Sweden
7Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
9Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Kenya
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1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
2Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
3Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
4Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
5Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America
6Health Care Services Stockholm County, Stockholm, Sweden
7Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
9Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Kenya
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1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
2Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
3Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
4Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
5Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America
6Health Care Services Stockholm County, Stockholm, Sweden
7Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
9Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Kenya
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1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
2Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
3Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
4Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
5Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America
6Health Care Services Stockholm County, Stockholm, Sweden
7Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
9Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Kenya
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1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
2Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
3Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
4Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
5Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America
6Health Care Services Stockholm County, Stockholm, Sweden
7Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
9Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Kenya
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1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
2Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
3Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
4Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
5Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America
6Health Care Services Stockholm County, Stockholm, Sweden
7Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
9Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Kenya
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1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
2Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
3Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
4Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
5Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America
6Health Care Services Stockholm County, Stockholm, Sweden
7Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
9Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Kenya
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1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
2Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
3Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
4Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
5Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America
6Health Care Services Stockholm County, Stockholm, Sweden
7Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
9Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden
10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Kenya
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Published January 25, 2021 - More info
The immunopathology of COVID-19 remains enigmatic, exhibiting immunodysregulation and T cell lymphopenia. Monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSC) are T cell suppressors that expand in inflammatory conditions, but their role in acute respiratory infections remains unclear. We studied blood and airways of COVID-19 patients across disease severity at multiple timepoints. M-MDSC frequencies were elevated in blood but not in nasopharyngeal or endotracheal aspirates of COVID-19 patients compared to controls. M-MDSCs isolated from COVID-19 patients suppressed T cell proliferation and IFNg production partly via an arginase-1 (Arg-1) dependent mechanism. Furthermore, patients showed increased Arg-1 and IL-6 plasma levels. COVID-19 patients had fewer T cells, and displayed downregulated expression of the CD3ζ chain. Ordinal regression showed that early M-MDSC frequency predicted subsequent disease severity. In conclusion, M-MDSCs expand in blood of COVID-19 patients, suppress T cells and strongly associate with disease severity, suggesting a role for M-MDSCs in the dysregulated COVID-19 immune response.