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Senescent T cells within suppressive tumor microenvironments: emerging target for tumor immunotherapy
Xia Liu, … , Daniel F. Hoft, Guangyong Peng
Xia Liu, … , Daniel F. Hoft, Guangyong Peng
Published March 2, 2020
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2020;130(3):1073-1083. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI133679.
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Review

Senescent T cells within suppressive tumor microenvironments: emerging target for tumor immunotherapy

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Abstract

The functional state of the preexisting T cells in the tumor microenvironment is a key determinant for effective antitumor immunity and immunotherapy. Increasing evidence suggests that immunosenescence is an important state of T cell dysfunction that is distinct from exhaustion, a key strategy used by malignant tumors to evade immune surveillance and sustain the suppressive tumor microenvironment. Here, we discuss the phenotypic and functional characteristics of senescent T cells and their role in human cancers. We also explore the possible mechanisms and signaling pathways responsible for induction of T cell senescence by malignant tumors, and then discuss potential strategies to prevent and/or reverse senescence in tumor-specific T cells. A better understanding of these critical issues should provide novel strategies to enhance cancer immunotherapy.

Authors

Xia Liu, Daniel F. Hoft, Guangyong Peng

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Figure 1

Effects of senescent T cells on tumorigenesis and cancer progression.

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Effects of senescent T cells on tumorigenesis and cancer progression.
(i...
(i) Senescent T cells have unique phenotypes with impaired antitumor activities. They downregulate the costimulatory molecules CD27 and CD28 as well as the effector molecules perforin and granzyme, and decrease proliferation, but promote cell cycle arrest and expression of molecules that inhibit proliferation. (ii) Senescent T cells can actively influence other immune cells within the tumor microenvironment. In addition to inducing adaptive Tregs, they can become potent suppressor cells themselves, performing direct inhibition on DCs and effector T cells. (iii) Senescent T cells have a unique SASP, secreting large amounts of cytokines that can induce premature senescence in T cells (IL-6, IL-8, TNF) and suppress effector immune cells (IL-10, TGF-β), as well as disrupt normal mammary differentiation and promote malignant phenotypes and tumor cell growth. (iv) Senescent T cells with potent suppressive activity can directly suppress effector T cell proliferation and function. (v) Senescent T cells can promote tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and epithelial-to-mesenchyme transition via SASP or cell-cell direct contact.

Copyright © 2025 American Society for Clinical Investigation
ISSN: 0021-9738 (print), 1558-8238 (online)

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