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Roles of HIFs and VEGF in angiogenesis in the retina and brain
Amir Rattner, … , John Williams, Jeremy Nathans
Amir Rattner, … , John Williams, Jeremy Nathans
Published August 12, 2019
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2019;129(9):3807-3820. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI126655.
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Research Article Development Vascular biology

Roles of HIFs and VEGF in angiogenesis in the retina and brain

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Abstract

Vascular development in the mammalian retina is a paradigm for CNS vascular development in general, and its study is revealing fundamental mechanisms that explain the efficacy of antiangiogenic therapies in retinal vascular disease. During development of the mammalian retina, hypoxic astrocytes are hypothesized to secrete VEGF, which attracts growing endothelial cells as they migrate radially from the optic disc. However, published tests of this model using astrocyte-specific deletion of Vegf in the developing mouse retina appear to contradict this theory. Here, we report that selectively eliminating Vegf in neonatal retinal astrocytes with a Gfap-Cre line that recombines with approximately 100% efficiency had no effect on proliferation or radial migration of astrocytes, but completely blocked radial migration of endothelial cells, strongly supporting the hypoxic astrocyte model. Using additional Cre driver lines, we found evidence for essential and partially redundant actions of retina-derived (paracrine) and astrocyte-derived (autocrine) VEGF in controlling astrocyte proliferation and migration. We also extended previous studies by showing that HIF-1α in retinal neurons and HIF-2α in Müller glia play distinct roles in retinal vascular development and disease, adding to a growing body of data that point to the specialization of these 2 hypoxia-sensing transcription factors.

Authors

Amir Rattner, John Williams, Jeremy Nathans

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Figure 4

Highly efficient Cre-mediated recombination in early postnatal retinal astrocytes by the Messing Gfap-Cre line, as seen in retina flat mounts from Gfap-Cre R26-LSL-mtdT-2A-H2B-GFP retinas between P2 and P6.

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Highly efficient Cre-mediated recombination in early postnatal retinal a...
(A and B) Retinas imaged at the vitreal surface and showing GFAP, mtdT, and H2B-GFP at P6 (A) and Pax2 and H2B-GFP at P4 (B). (C) H2B-GFP at the vitreal surface (green) and in the neural retina (red) at P2, P3, and P4. Highly efficient recombination in surface astroctyes is followed by scattered recombination in cells that are deeper within the neural retina. See Figure 7A for a cross-sectional view. Scale bars: 100 μm (A), 50 μm (B), and 100 μm (C).
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