Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 1978;61(4):1034-1043. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI109002.
Abstract
Glucose-induced insulin secretion is enhanced by a preceeding glucose stimulus. The characteristics of this action of glucose were investigated in perfused pancreas and collagenase-isolated islets of Langerhans. A 20- to 30-min pulse of 27.7 mM glucose enhanced both the first and second phase of insulin release in response to a second glucose stimulus by 76-201%. This enhancement was apparent as an augmented maximal insulin release response to glucose. The effect of priming with glucose was seen irrespective of whether the pancreatic tissue was obtained from fed or fasted rats. Separating the two pulses of hexose by a 60-min time interval of exposure to 3.3 mM glucose did not abolish the potentiation of the second pulse. Omission of Ca++ as well as the inclusion of somatostatin or mannoheptulose during the first pulse abolished insulin secretion during this time period; however, only the inclusion of mannoheptulose deleted the potentiation of the second pulse. d-Glyceraldehyde, but not pyruvate, d-galactose, or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, could substitute for glucose in inducing potentiation.
Authors
Valdemar Grill, Ulf Adamson, Erol Cerasi
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 1978;61(4):1071-1080. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI109006.
Abstract
Immune function in two brothers with a deficiency of purine nucleoside phosphorylase was evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Both patients had a history of recurrent infections and profound lymphopenia. Studies of cell-mediated immunity revealed an absence of delayed cutaneous reactivity to a number of antigens, including dinitrochlorobenzene, and significantly reduced lymphocyte proliferative responses to nonspecific mitogens, specific antigen, and allogeneic cells. E-rosetting cells were present but reduced in number (20.0% and 31.5%). Serum immunoglobulin levels, percentages of circulating immunoglobulin-and C3-receptor-bearing B cells, as well as the ability to produce antibody in response to specific antigen in vivo were normal. Moreover, studies of the in vitro induction of specific IgM antibody delineated the presence of T-helper and T-regulator cells. The normal induction of bone marrow precursor T-cell maturation by human thymic epithelium-conditioned medium or thymosin suggested that the initial stages of T-cell generation were intact in these patients. Attempts to reconstitute the in vitro proliferative response with a variety of reagents, including purine nucleoside phosphorylase itself, were unsuccessful. Selective impairment of certain aspects of T-cell function in these patients and a less severe clinical picture than previously described may be explained by the presence of a partial deficiency of nucleoside phosphorylase activity and incomplete block of purine catabolism.
Authors
Erwin W. Gelfand, Hans-Michael Dosch, W. Douglas Biggar, Irving H. Fox
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 1978;61(4):1088-1096. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI109008.
Abstract
N-ethylmaleimide, divalent cations, ethylene glycol bis (β aminoethyl ether) N,N,N′,N′,-tetraacetate, 2-deoxyglucose, cyanide, and dinitrophenol were examined for their effect on the ability of guinea pig granulocytes to generate superoxide (O2−) when stimulated by digitonin. N-ethylmaleimide (1 mM) inhibits only when added before complete activation of the O2− generating system, and at lower concentrations (0.05-0.2 mM) slows the activation process. Ca++ is required for maximum O2− generation, and Mg++ decreases the amount of Ca++ required. Ethylene glycol bis (β aminoethyl ether) N,N,N′,N′,-tetraacetate (10 mM) inhibits only if added before complete activation. Incubation of cells in 2-DOG causes a time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of O2− generation. It also increases the time required for activation of this system. Cyanide and dinitrophenol increase the rate of O2− production. However, when these compounds are added to cells whose O2− production is partially inhibited by incubation in 2-deoxyglucose, complete inhibition results. If cyanide or dinitrophenol is added after activation of 2-deoxyglucose-treated cells, no further inhibition occurs. On the basis of the above results, we conclude that the activation of the O2− generating system is N-ethylmaleimide sensitive, Ca++ dependent, and energy requiring, but that the activity of the enzyme system in the cell is not.
Authors
Harvey J. Cohen, Margaret E. Chovaniec
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 1978;61(4):867-873. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI109012.
Abstract
The mechanism(s) by which cholesterol returns to the splanchnic bed from peripheral tissues are not well understood. To study this phenomenon in fasting man, lipoproteins were isolated from plasma obtained from hepatic vein and aorta. Cholesterol content of each lipoprotein class was determined and arteriovenous (AV) differences could be calculated for each patient. The results in the first 24 patients indicated splanchnic secretion of very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (mean AV difference − 3 mg/100 ml, P < 0.01), but not significant AV difference for total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, or low density lipoprotein (LDL) B protein. In contrast, for LDL (d 1.006-1.063 g/ml), there was significant uptake of cholesterol across the AV bed +8 mg/100 ml, P < 0.0002). In a further 15 patients, similar samples were obtained and intermediate density lipoprotein isolated at d 1.006-1.019 g/ml and LDL at 1.019-1.063 g/ml. The AV difference previously noted could now be localized to the 1.019-1.063 cholesterol ester moiety (+8 mg/100 ml, P < 0.0005). In the final 14 patients, the LDL cholesterol AV difference was again confirmed and shown to be unrelated to heparin. As well, there was secretion of triglyceride in the hepatic vein LDL. These quantitative data obtained in man raise the possibility that LDL rather than high density lipoprotein transports cholesterol ester to the splanchnic bed.
Authors
A. Sniderman, D. Thomas, D. Marpole, B. Teng
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 1978;61(4):874-883. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI109013.
Abstract
The role of the renin-angiotensin system in the regulation of the systemic and coronary circulations during sodium depletion was studied in conscious normotensive dogs by i.v. administration of teprotide (0.5 mg/kg), an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, and saralasin (0.05-5 μg/kg per min), an angiotensin-receptor antagonist. Sodium depletion was produced by administering a low sodium diet and furosemide for 5 days. Administration of both teprotide and saralasin lowered systemic arterial blood pressure and total peripheral vascular resistance. Simultaneously, cardiac output increased, but left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, dP/dt, and dP/dt/P did not change significantly. Furthermore, both agents reduced diastolic coronary vascular resistance and increased coronary blood flow, but did not affect myocardial oxygen consumption, left ventricular work, or myocardial efficiency. These systemic and coronary vasodilator effects of teprotide and saralasin, however, were not observed in normal dogs on a regular sodium diet; in this group, the only effect noted was a slight increase in arterial pressure during saralasin infusion. Arterial plasma concentration of norepinephrine did not differ between normal and sodiumdepleted dogs, nor did it change significantly after teprotide administration. These results suggest that, during salt depletion, angiotensin II exerts an active vasoconstrictor action on the systemic and coronary vessels, but has no significant effects on myocardial contractility or energetics. It also appears likely that the increase in cardiac output observed in sodiumdepleted dogs after angiotensin inhibition was caused, at least in part, by the decrease in systemic arterial pressure.
Authors
Chang-Seng Liang, Haralambos Gavras, William B. Hood Jr.
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 1978;61(3):645-653. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI108976.
Abstract
We have compared in vivo pyridoxine responsiveness with in vitro cystathionine β-synthase activity in extracts of confluent fibroblasts from 14 synthase-deficient patients. Enzyme activity was measured with and without addition of its cofactor, pyridoxal-5′-phosphate, using a radioisotopic assay which detects as little as 0.25% of control activity. Six of seven lines from responsive patients had measurable activity without the added cofactor (0.6-15% of mean control). Two of these lines showed a five- and sevenfold stimulation of cystathionine β-synthase activity with added pyridoxal-5′-phosphate; in the other four, the cofactor addition increased activity only modestly, as in controls. Two of seven lines from nonresponsive patients had measurable activity (each 3% of mean control) which increased two- and fivefold with the added cofactor. Cystathionine β-synthase activity was undetectable in one line from a responsive patient and in five lines from nonresponsive ones. To characterize control and mutant synthase further, dissociation constants for pyridoxal-5′-phosphate were estimated and thermostability (54°C) was studied in two control and five mutant lines. In one mutant, both parameters were normal; in the others, the affinity for the cofactor was reduced 3-to 11-fold and thermostability was much impaired. We conclude that at least three general classes of cystathionine β-synthase mutants exist: those with no residual activity; those with reduced activity and normal affinity for pyridoxal-5′ phosphate; and those with reduced activity and a reduced affinity for the cofactor. Pyridoxine responsiveness in vivo cannot be correlated simply with the presence or absence of residual synthase activity in vitro or with stimulation of in vitro enzyme activity by cofactor.
Authors
Brian Fowler, Jan Kraus, Seymour Packman, Leon E. Rosenberg
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 1978;61(3):671-677. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI108979.
Abstract
Group A streptococci were grown in the presence of [2-3H]glycerol. Concentrated suspensions of the labeled organisms were incubated with and without penicillin. [3H]Glycerol-labeled material accumulated in the supernates in increasing amounts with increasing concentrations of penicillin, ranging from 0 to 50 U/ml. The excretion of labeled material occurred in the absence of nucleic acid synthesis or bacteriolysis indicating that the phenomenon is independent of cell multiplication or decay. The accumulation of label was paralleled by an accumulation of erythrocyte-sensitizing material measured by passive hemagglutination tests for lipoteichoic acid antigen, indicating that a portion of the labeled material possessed the properties of lipoteichoic acid. Culture supernates were fractionated by column chromatography, and the materials obtained were analyzed by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide, thin-layer chromatography, and paper chromatography. The ability of the same materials to bind to human erythrocytes and epithelial cells was tested. The culture supernate contained lipoteichoic acid, deacylated lipoteichoic acid, glycerol phosphate, and free glycerol. Penicillin caused an increase in the amounts of each of the excreted materials. Streptococci that were stimulated with penicillin to lose their lipoteichoic acid (previously shown to mediate adherence of group A streptococci) lost their ability to adhere to buccal mucosal cells, suggesting that penicillin may influence bacterial ecology by mechanisms other than killing sensitive organisms.
Authors
Michael L. Alkan, Edwin H. Beachey
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 1978;61(3):708-713. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI108983.
Abstract
Dopamine is present in the carotid body and has been postulated to be an inhibitory neurotransmitter. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of dopamine on ventilation in man and to examine its mechanism of action. Dopamine (0.5-10 μg/kg per min) was infused in eight normal men at different levels of arterial chemoreceptor activity, produced by varying the inspired Po2. During normoxia dopamine produced a small decrease in minute ventilation (V̇e) and an increase in arterial Pco2. When arterial chemoreceptors were stimulated by hypoxia, infusion of dopamine produced a marked initial depression of V̇e followed by a sustained although less pronounced decrease in V̇e. An increase in Paco2 and a decrease in Pao2 were also observed. When arterial chemoreceptor activity was suppressed by hyperoxia, infusion of dopamine did not affect ventilation. Subjects also breathed a hypercarbic, hyperoxic gas mixture. The hypercarbia produces hyperventilation by stimulating central chemoreceptors, whereas the hyperoxia suppresses peripheral chemoreceptors. Dopamine did not alter ventilation while the subjects were breathing this gas mixture.
Authors
Michael J. Welsh, Donald D. Heistad, Francois M. Abboud
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 1978;61(3):722-730. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI108985.
Abstract
The aortas of 11 pigs (aged 1-3 yr) with homozygous von Willebrand's disease (vWd) were compared with those of 11 normal pigs of the same ages. Six of the controls exhibited multiple arteriosclerotic plaques with intimal thickening of 63-130 μm. In contrast, none of the pigs with vWd had multiple plaques, and only one had a lesion >2 mm in diameter.
Authors
Valentin Fuster, E. J. Walter Bowie, Jon C. Lewis, David N. Fass, Charles A. Owen Jr., Arnold L. Brown
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 1978;61(3):790-800. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI108993.
Abstract
Exposure to supralethal total body irradiation and transplantation of bone marrow from a DLA- and pedigree-identical donor have regularly produced successful engraftment and the establishment of stable long-term chimerism in beagles of the Cooperstown colony. Bone marrow allografts performed in pairs of dogs bearing identical DLA haplotypes derived from different pedigree origins (i.e., different classes of the same haplotype) yielded two different results. Depending upon the particular haplotype pedigree combination used, such transplants either led to long-term chimerism or to failures of engraftment, secondary disease, and death of the recipients (i.e., pedigree-incompatible combinations).
Authors
F. T. Rapaport, R. J. Bachvaroff, K. Watanabe, H. Hirasawa, N. Mollen, J. W. Ferrebee
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