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Chikungunya virus: epidemiology, replication, disease mechanisms, and prospective intervention strategies
Laurie A. Silva, Terence S. Dermody
Laurie A. Silva, Terence S. Dermody
Published March 1, 2017
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2017;127(3):737-749. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI84417.
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Review

Chikungunya virus: epidemiology, replication, disease mechanisms, and prospective intervention strategies

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Abstract

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a reemerging arbovirus, causes a crippling musculoskeletal inflammatory disease in humans characterized by fever, polyarthralgia, myalgia, rash, and headache. CHIKV is transmitted by Aedes species of mosquitoes and is capable of an epidemic, urban transmission cycle with high rates of infection. Since 2004, CHIKV has spread to new areas, causing disease on a global scale, and the potential for CHIKV epidemics remains high. Although CHIKV has caused millions of cases of disease and significant economic burden in affected areas, no licensed vaccines or antiviral therapies are available. In this Review, we describe CHIKV epidemiology, replication cycle, pathogenesis and host immune responses, and prospects for effective vaccines and highlight important questions for future research.

Authors

Laurie A. Silva, Terence S. Dermody

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Figure 1

Geographic distribution of endemic CHIKV and its primary vectors, Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus.

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Geographic distribution of endemic CHIKV and its primary vectors, Ae. ae...
Countries in which autochthonous cases of CHIKV have been reported are specified with colored symbols representing the distinct viral genotypes detected during outbreaks in that country. West African strains are indicated by purple triangles; Asian strains are indicated by green circles; East/South/Central African (ESCA) strains are indicated with blue squares; strains of the Indian Ocean lineage, a subtype of the ESCA clade, are indicated with blue squares with a cross; and strains whose genotype has not been determined are indicated with gray diamonds. Symbols are shaded to differentiate transmission prior to (darker hue) or after (lighter hue) the reemergence of the virus in the Indian Ocean (ECSA strain in 2005) and Pacific Islands (Asian strain in 2010). Symbols indicate the countries in which natural transmission has occurred and are not meant to indicate precise locations of outbreaks. Overlayed with CHIKV distribution is the geographic range of the two primary vectors responsible for urban mosquito-human-mosquito transmission of the virus. Range of Ae. aegypti is indicated in red; range of Ae. albopictus is indicated in yellow; and areas where both mosquito species are present are indicated in orange. Endemic CHIKV data were obtained from numerous PubMed publications (1, 3, 23, 24, 28, 30–32, 37, 38, 46–62). Range of mosquito data was obtained from (63).

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ISSN: 0021-9738 (print), 1558-8238 (online)

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