The adaptive immune system in diseases of the central nervous system
David C. Wraith, Lindsay B. Nicholson
David C. Wraith, Lindsay B. Nicholson
Published April 2, 2012
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2012;122(4):1172-1179. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI58648.
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The adaptive immune system in diseases of the central nervous system

Abstract

Tissues of the CNS, such as the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord, may be affected by a range of insults including genetic, autoimmune, infectious, or neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. The immune system is involved in the pathogenesis of many of these, either by causing tissue damage or alternatively by responding to disease and contributing to repair. It is clearly vital that cells of the immune system patrol the CNS and protect against infection. However, in contrast to other tissues, damage caused by immune pathology in the CNS can be irreparable. The nervous and immune systems have, therefore, coevolved to permit effective immune surveillance while limiting immune pathology. Here we will consider aspects of adaptive immunity in the CNS and the retina, both in the context of protection from infection as well as cancer and autoimmunity, while focusing on immune responses that compromise health and lead to significant morbidity.

Authors

David C. Wraith, Lindsay B. Nicholson

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Figure 2

Immunological barriers protecting the brain.

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Immunological barriers protecting the brain. Cells of the CNS, including...
Cells of the CNS, including (A) astrocytes, (B) neurons, and (C) microglial cells express FASL. Activated T cells upregulate FAS and are, therefore, susceptible to apoptosis in the CNS. (B) Neurons respond to contact with T cells by secreting TGF-β, which in turn promotes the generation of regulatory T cells. (C) Resident microglial cells express B7-H1, a costimulatory molecule that promotes secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which converts tryptophan (TRP) to kynurenic acid (KYN). Metabolites of tryptophan induce FAS-independent apoptosis in neighboring cells.