Genomic and transcriptomic features of androgen receptor signaling inhibitor resistance in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer
Xiaolin Zhu, … , Michiel S. van der Heijden, Felix Y. Feng
Xiaolin Zhu, … , Michiel S. van der Heijden, Felix Y. Feng
Published October 1, 2024
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2024;134(19):e178604. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI178604.
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Clinical Research and Public Health Oncology

Genomic and transcriptomic features of androgen receptor signaling inhibitor resistance in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer

Abstract

BACKGROUND Androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSIs) have improved outcomes for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), but their clinical benefit is limited by treatment resistance.METHODS To investigate the mechanisms of ARSI resistance, we analyzed the whole-genome (n = 45) and transcriptome (n = 31) sequencing data generated from paired metastatic biopsies obtained before initiation of first-line ARSI therapy for mCRPC and after radiographic disease progression. We investigated the effects of genetic and pharmacologic modulation of SSTR1 in 22Rv1 cells, a representative mCRPC cell line.RESULTS We confirmed the predominant role of tumor genetic alterations converging on augmenting androgen receptor (AR) signaling and the increased transcriptional heterogeneity and lineage plasticity during the emergence of ARSI resistance. We further identified amplifications involving a putative enhancer downstream of the AR and transcriptional downregulation of SSTR1, encoding somatostatin receptor 1, in ARSI-resistant tumors. We found that patients with SSTR1-low mCRPC tumors derived less benefit from subsequent ARSI therapy in a retrospective cohort. We showed that SSTR1 was antiproliferative in 22Rv1 cells and that the FDA-approved drug pasireotide suppressed 22Rv1 cell proliferation.CONCLUSION Our findings expand the knowledge of ARSI resistance and point out actionable next steps, exemplified by potentially targeting SSTR1, to improve patient outcomes.FUNDING National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH; Prostate Cancer Foundation; Conquer Cancer, American Society of Clinical Oncology Foundation; UCSF Benioff Initiative for Prostate Cancer Research; Netherlands Cancer Institute.

Authors

Xiaolin Zhu, Tatyanah Farsh, Daniël Vis, Ivan Yu, Haolong Li, Tianyi Liu, Martin Sjöström, Raunak Shrestha, Jeroen Kneppers, Tesa Severson, Meng Zhang, Arian Lundberg, Thaidy Moreno Rodriguez, Alana S. Weinstein, Adam Foye, Niven Mehra, Rahul R. Aggarwal, Andries M. Bergman, Eric J. Small, Nathan A. Lack, Wilbert Zwart, David A. Quigley, Michiel S. van der Heijden, Felix Y. Feng

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Figure 7

SSTR1 is potentially regulated by the AR/FOXA1/HOXB13 transcription machinery, and its upregulation is associated with tumor response to high-dose testosterone.

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SSTR1 is potentially regulated by the AR/FOXA1/HOXB13 transcription mac...
(A and B) FOXA1 and HOXB13 were each coexpressed with SSTR1 in the WCDT cohort. (C and D) SSTR1 is one of the most significantly upregulated genes in mCRPC tumors that responded to BAT from the COMBAT-CRPC trial (data from Sena et al.; ref. 67). (E) Conversely, no change in SSTR1 expression was observed in tumors without a PSA50 response. (F and G) Echoing findings in patients, SPT suppressed mCRPC tumor growth in 2 enzalutamide-resistant PDX models, LuCaP 35CR-ENZR and LuCaP 96CR-ENZR; in both models, SSTR1 expression was upregulated after SPT. D5, day 5 after SPT; EOS, end of study, as reported by Lam et al. (68); VEH, vehicle; LRT, likelihood ratio test. P values in C were calculated using the Wald test (DESeq2); P values in D and E were calculated using the paired Wilcoxon test.