(A) As described previously (2), we used a 2 × 2 factorial design to contrast the offspring of maternal alcohol exposures (MatExp), paternal alcohol exposures (PatExp), and dual parental alcohol exposures (DualExp). (B) We used DEXA scanning (Faxitron Pro x-ray cabinet, Hologic Inc.) to image the skulls of 20-week-old adult male offspring (representative scans displayed) and ImageJ (NIH) to determine the size and spacing of the teeth. (C–H) We used 1-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test to contrast changes in (C) the superior diastema, (D) the inferior diastema, (E) superior incisor length, (F) inferior incisor length, (G) width of the inferior molars, and (H) the distance between the superior incisor tip and molars (n = 7–9). Data represent mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.