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Functional significance of the platelet immune receptors GPVI and CLEC-2
Julie Rayes, … , Steve P. Watson, Bernhard Nieswandt
Julie Rayes, … , Steve P. Watson, Bernhard Nieswandt
Published January 2, 2019
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2019;129(1):12-23. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI122955.
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Review

Functional significance of the platelet immune receptors GPVI and CLEC-2

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Abstract

Although platelets are best known for their role in hemostasis, they are also crucial in development, host defense, inflammation, and tissue repair. Many of these roles are regulated by the immune-like receptors glycoprotein VI (GPVI) and C-type lectin receptor 2 (CLEC-2), which signal through an immunoreceptor tyrosine–based activation motif (ITAM). GPVI is activated by collagen in the subendothelial matrix, by fibrin and fibrinogen in the thrombus, and by a remarkable number of other ligands. CLEC-2 is activated by the transmembrane protein podoplanin, which is found outside of the vasculature and is upregulated in development, inflammation, and cancer, but there is also evidence for additional ligands. In this Review, we discuss the physiological and pathological roles of CLEC-2 and GPVI and their potential as targets in thrombosis and thrombo-inflammatory disorders (i.e., disorders in which inflammation plays a critical role in the ensuing thrombosis) relative to current antiplatelet drugs.

Authors

Julie Rayes, Steve P. Watson, Bernhard Nieswandt

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Figure 2

CLEC-2 and GPVI contribute to αIIbβ3-dependent and -independent hemostasis.

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CLEC-2 and GPVI contribute to αIIbβ3-dependent and -independent hemostas...
(A) At the site of arterial injury, platelets roll, adhere, and aggregate to arrest bleeding through integrin αIIbβ3. The activation of GPVI by collagen drives integrin activation. Activated platelets release secondary mediators such as ADP and TxA2, leading to recruitment of circulating platelets and formation of a platelet-fibrin-fibrinogen plug. The resulting thrombus is composed of a densely packed, fibrin-rich core and a looser outer shell of platelets. The diffusion of ligands from the core to the outer shell determines the size of the thrombus. Fibrin and fibrinogen bind to and activate GPVI, which may serve to propagate and stabilize the thrombus. (B) At the site of inflammation, platelets prevent hemorrhaging independent of αIIbβ3. The contribution of platelet receptors to the inflammatory hemostasis is stimulus- and organ-dependent. During immune complex–mediated dermatitis, endothelial and stromal cell activation promotes recruitment, activation, and transmigration of neutrophils to the inflamed skin. Single platelets rapidly adhere and seal the neutrophil-mediated vascular damage through GPVI. The bleeding in GPVI-deficient mice is limited by the interaction of CLEC-2 with podoplanin on macrophages and stromal cells. In the absence of both receptors, a severe loss of vascular integrity is observed, with increased bleeding in the inflamed skin.

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