NF-κB in synaptic plasticity. (a) Population spike amplitudes recorded from hippocampal slices from adult mice, pretreated with either scrambled control DNA or κB decoy DNA and stimulated at either 1 or 100 Hz. Note that κB decoy DNA prevents LTD of synaptic transmission induced by stimulation at 1 Hz and attenuated long-term enhancement of synaptic transmission induced by stimulation at 100 Hz. (b) Population spike responses recorded from hippocampal slices from wild-type mice (Control) and mice lacking TNF-α receptors (TNFRKO) after stimulation at either 1 or 100 Hz. Note that LTD of synaptic transmission is not induced by stimulation at 1 Hz in slices from TNFRKO mice, and that long-term enhancement of synaptic transmission is attenuated in slices from TNFRKO mice. Modified from ref.23.