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Endothelium-derived free radicals: for worse and for better
Paul M. Vanhoutte
Paul M. Vanhoutte
Published January 1, 2001
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2001;107(1):23-25. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI11832.
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Commentary

Endothelium-derived free radicals: for worse and for better

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Abstract

Authors

Paul M. Vanhoutte

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Figure 1

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Multiplicity of mechanisms leading to endothelium-dependent hyperpolariz...
Multiplicity of mechanisms leading to endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization. The mechanism proposed by Matoba et al. (1) is highlighted. Substances such as acetylcholine (ACh), bradykinin (BK), and substance P (SP), through the activation of M3-muscarinic, B2-bradykinin, and NK1-neurokinin receptor subtypes, respectively, and agents that increase intracellular calcium, such as the calcium ionophore A23187, release endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors. CaM, calmodulin; COX, cyclooxygenase; EET, epoxyeicosatrienoic acid; IP3, inositol trisphosphate; GC, guanylate cyclase; NAPE, N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine; Hyperpol., hyperpolarization; NOS, NO synthase; O2•–, superoxide anions; PGI2, prostacyclin; P450, cytochrome P450 monooxygenase; R, receptor; X, putative EDHF synthase. SR141716 is an antagonist of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor subtype (CB1). Glibenclamide (Glib) is a selective inhibitor of ATP-sensitive potassium channels (K+ATP). Tetraethylammonium (TEA) and tetrabutylammonium (TBA) are nonspecific inhibitors of potassium channels when used at high concentrations (> 5 mM), while at lower concentrations (1–3 mM) these drugs are selective for calcium-activated potassium channels (K+Ca2+). Iberiotoxin (IBX) is a specific inhibitor of large conductance K+Ca2+. Charybdotoxin (CTX) is an inhibitor of large conductance K+Ca2+, intermediate conductance K+Ca2+ (IKCa2+), and voltage-dependent potassium channels. Apamin is a specific inhibitor of small conductance K+Ca2+ (SKCa2+). Barium (Ba2+), in the micromolar range, is a specific inhibitor of the inward rectifier potassium channel (Kir). GAP 27 (an eleven–amino acid peptide possessing conserved sequence homology to a portion of the second extracellular loop of connexin), 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid (αGA), and heptanol are gap junction uncouplers. Adapted from ref. 7.

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