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Issue published January 15, 2001 Previous issue | Next issue

  • Volume 107, Issue 2
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  • In this issue
  • Perspectives
  • Commentaries
  • Research Articles
  • Corrigendum
In this issue
In This Issue
/articles/view/119918
Published January 15, 2001
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2001;107(2):133-133. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI119918.
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In This Issue

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Abstract

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Perspectives
Therapeutic potential of inhibition of the NF-κB pathway in the treatment of inflammation and cancer
Yumi Yamamoto, Richard B. Gaynor
Yumi Yamamoto, Richard B. Gaynor
Published January 15, 2001
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2001;107(2):135-142. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI11914.
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Therapeutic potential of inhibition of the NF-κB pathway in the treatment of inflammation and cancer

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Authors

Yumi Yamamoto, Richard B. Gaynor

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Hostile takeovers: viral appropriation of the NF-kB pathway
John Hiscott, … , Hakju Kwon, Pierre Génin
John Hiscott, … , Hakju Kwon, Pierre Génin
Published January 15, 2001
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2001;107(2):143-151. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI11918.
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Hostile takeovers: viral appropriation of the NF-kB pathway

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Authors

John Hiscott, Hakju Kwon, Pierre Génin

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Commentaries
Sarcoglycan, the heart, and skeletal muscles: new treatment, old drug?
Jeffrey A. Towbin, Neil E. Bowles
Jeffrey A. Towbin, Neil E. Bowles
Published January 15, 2001
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2001;107(2):153-154. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI11998.
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Sarcoglycan, the heart, and skeletal muscles: new treatment, old drug?

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Jeffrey A. Towbin , Neil E. Bowles

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Escape from tolerance in the human X-linked autoimmunity–allergic disregulation syndrome and the Scurfy mouse
Dhavalkumar D. Patel
Dhavalkumar D. Patel
Published January 15, 2001
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2001;107(2):155-157. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI11966.
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Escape from tolerance in the human X-linked autoimmunity–allergic disregulation syndrome and the Scurfy mouse

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Dhavalkumar D. Patel

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More than the sum of the parts: cooperation between leukocyte adhesion receptors during extravasation
Mark Siegelman
Mark Siegelman
Published January 15, 2001
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2001;107(2):159-160. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI11919.
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More than the sum of the parts: cooperation between leukocyte adhesion receptors during extravasation

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Mark Siegelman

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Hypertrophy and hyperfunction of the diabetic kidney
T.H. Hostetter
T.H. Hostetter
Published January 15, 2001
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2001;107(2):161-162. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI12066.
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Hypertrophy and hyperfunction of the diabetic kidney

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T.H. Hostetter

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Research Articles
Delayed wound repair and impaired angiogenesis in mice lacking syndecan-4
Frank Echtermeyer, … , Michael Detmar, Paul F. Goetinck
Frank Echtermeyer, … , Michael Detmar, Paul F. Goetinck
Published January 15, 2001
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2001;107(2):R9-R14. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI10559.
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Delayed wound repair and impaired angiogenesis in mice lacking syndecan-4

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The syndecans make up a family of transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans that act as coreceptors with integrins and growth factor tyrosine kinase receptors. Syndecan-4 is upregulated in skin dermis after wounding, and, in cultured fibroblasts adherent to the ECM protein fibronectin, this proteoglycan signals cooperatively with β1 integrins. In this study, we generated mice in which the syndecan-4 gene was disrupted by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells to test the hypothesis that syndecan-4 contributes to wound repair. Mice heterozygous or homozygous for the disrupted syndecan-4 gene are viable, fertile, and macroscopically indistinguishable from wild-type littermates. Compared with wild-type littermates, mice heterozygous or homozygous for the disrupted gene have statistically significant delayed healing of skin wounds and impaired angiogenesis in the granulation tissue. These results indicate that syndecan-4 is an important cell-surface receptor in wound healing and angiogenesis and that syndecan-4 is haplo-insufficient in these processes.

Authors

Frank Echtermeyer, Michael Streit, Sarah Wilcox-Adelman, Stefania Saoncella, Fabienne Denhez, Michael Detmar, Paul F. Goetinck

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IFN-γ action in the media of the great elastic arteries, a novel immunoprivileged site
Albert J. Dal Canto, … , Samuel H. Speck, Herbert W. Virgin
Albert J. Dal Canto, … , Samuel H. Speck, Herbert W. Virgin
Published January 15, 2001
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2001;107(2):R15-R22. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI11540.
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IFN-γ action in the media of the great elastic arteries, a novel immunoprivileged site

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Infection of medial smooth muscle cells with γ-herpesvirus 68 (γHV68) causes severe chronic vasculitis that is restricted to the great elastic arteries. We show here that persistence of disease in the great elastic arteries is (a) due to inefficient clearance of viral infection from this site compared with other organs or other vascular sites, and (b) associated with failure of T cells and macrophages to enter the virus-infected elastic media. These findings demonstrate immunoprivilege of the media of the great elastic arteries. We found that IFN-γ acted on somatic cells during acute infection to prevent the establishment of medial infection and on hematopoietic cells to determine the severity of disease in this site. The immunoprivileged elastic media may provide a site for persistence of pathogens or self antigens leading to chronic vascular disease, a process regulated by IFN-γ actions on both somatic and hematopoietic cells. These concepts have significant implications for understanding immune responses contributing to or controlling chronic inflammatory diseases of the great vessels.

Authors

Albert J. Dal Canto, Paul E. Swanson, Andrew K. O’Guin, Samuel H. Speck, Herbert W. Virgin

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Prevention of cardiomyopathy in mouse models lacking the smooth muscle sarcoglycan-sarcospan complex
Ronald D. Cohn, … , Sally Prouty, Kevin P. Campbell
Ronald D. Cohn, … , Sally Prouty, Kevin P. Campbell
Published January 15, 2001
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2001;107(2):R1-R7. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI11642.
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Prevention of cardiomyopathy in mouse models lacking the smooth muscle sarcoglycan-sarcospan complex

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Cardiomyopathy is a multifactorial disease, and the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex has been implicated in the pathogenesis of both hereditary and acquired forms of the disease. Using mouse models of cardiomyopathy made by ablating genes for components of the sarcoglycan complex, we show that long-term treatment with verapamil, a calcium channel blocker with vasodilator properties, can alleviate the severe cardiomyopathic phenotype, restoring normal serum levels for cardiac troponin I and normal cardiac muscle morphology. Interruption of verapamil treatment leads again to vascular dysfunction and acute myocardial necrosis, indicating that predilection for cardiomyopathy is a continuing process. In contrast, verapamil did not prevent cardiac muscle pathology in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice, which neither show a disruption of the sarcoglycan complex in vascular smooth muscle nor vascular dysfunction. Hence, our data strongly suggest that pharmacological intervention with verapamil merits investigation as a potential therapeutic option not only for patients with sarcoglycan mutations, but also for patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy associated with myocardial ischemia not related to atherosclerotic coronary artery disease.

Authors

Ronald D. Cohn, Madeleine Durbeej, Steven A. Moore, Ramón Coral-Vazquez, Sally Prouty, Kevin P. Campbell

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Increased atherosclerosis in LDL receptor–null mice lacking ACAT1 in macrophages
Sergio Fazio, … , MacRae F. Linton, Robert V. Farese Jr.
Sergio Fazio, … , MacRae F. Linton, Robert V. Farese Jr.
Published January 15, 2001
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2001;107(2):163-171. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI10310.
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Increased atherosclerosis in LDL receptor–null mice lacking ACAT1 in macrophages

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During atherogenesis, circulating macrophages migrate into the subendothelial space, internalize cholesterol-rich lipoproteins, and become foam cells by progressively accumulating cholesterol esters. The inhibition of macrophage acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), which catalyzes the formation of cholesterol esters, has been proposed as a strategy to reduce foam cell formation and to treat atherosclerosis. We show here, however, that hypercholesterolemic LDL receptor–deficient (LDLR–/–) mice reconstituted with ACAT1-deficient macrophages unexpectedly develop larger atherosclerotic lesions than control LDLR–/– mice. The ACAT1-deficient lesions have reduced macrophage immunostaining and more free cholesterol than control lesions. Our findings suggest that selective inhibition of ACAT1 in lesion macrophages in the setting of hyperlipidemia can lead to the accumulation of free cholesterol in the artery wall, and that this promotes, rather than inhibits, lesion development.

Authors

Sergio Fazio, Amy S. Major, Larry L. Swift, Linda A. Gleaves, Michel Accad, MacRae F. Linton, Robert V. Farese Jr.

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A disease-associated cellular immune response in type 1 diabetics to an immunodominant epitope of insulin
David G. Alleva, … , Amy L. Putnam, Amitabh Gaur
David G. Alleva, … , Amy L. Putnam, Amitabh Gaur
Published January 15, 2001
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2001;107(2):173-180. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI8525.
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A disease-associated cellular immune response in type 1 diabetics to an immunodominant epitope of insulin

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The 9–23 amino acid region of the insulin B chain (B(9-23)) is a dominant epitope recognized by pathogenic T lymphocytes in nonobese diabetic mice, the animal model for type 1 diabetes. We describe herein similar B(9-23)-specific T-cell responses in peripheral lymphocytes obtained from patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes and from prediabetic subjects at high risk for disease. Short-term T-cell lines generated from patient peripheral lymphocytes showed significant proliferative responses to B(9-23), whereas lymphocytes isolated from HLA and/or age-matched nondiabetic normal controls were unresponsive. Antibody-mediated blockade demonstrated that the response was HLA class II restricted. Use of the highly sensitive cytokine-detection ELISPOT assay revealed that these B(9-23)-specific cells were present in freshly isolated lymphocytes from only the type 1 diabetics and prediabetics and produced the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ. This study is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of a cellular response to the B(9-23) insulin epitope in human type 1 diabetes and suggests that the mouse and human diseases have strikingly similar autoantigenic targets, a feature that should facilitate development of antigen-based therapeutics.

Authors

David G. Alleva, Paul D. Crowe, Liping Jin, William W. Kwok, Nicholas Ling, Michael Gottschalk, Paul J. Conlon, Peter A. Gottlieb, Amy L. Putnam, Amitabh Gaur

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Insulin/IGF-1 and TNF-α stimulate phosphorylation of IRS-1 at inhibitory Ser307 via distinct pathways
Liangyou Rui, … , Andrea Dunaif, Morris F. White
Liangyou Rui, … , Andrea Dunaif, Morris F. White
Published January 15, 2001
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2001;107(2):181-189. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI10934.
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Insulin/IGF-1 and TNF-α stimulate phosphorylation of IRS-1 at inhibitory Ser307 via distinct pathways

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Serine/threonine phosphorylation of IRS-1 might inhibit insulin signaling, but the relevant phosphorylation sites are difficult to identify in cultured cells and to validate in isolated tissues. Recently, we discovered that recombinant NH2-terminal Jun kinase phosphorylates IRS-1 at Ser307, which inhibits insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1. To monitor phosphorylation of Ser307 in various cell and tissue backgrounds, we prepared a phosphospecific polyclonal antibody designated αpSer307. This antibody revealed that TNF-α, IGF-1, or insulin stimulated phosphorylation of IRS-1 at Ser307 in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and adipocytes. Insulin injected into mice or rats also stimulated phosphorylation of Ser307 on IRS-1 immunoprecipitated from muscle; moreover, Ser307 was phosphorylated in human muscle during the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Experiments in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and adipocytes revealed that insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Ser307 was inhibited by LY294002 or wortmannin, whereas TNF-α–stimulated phosphorylation was inhibited by PD98059. Thus, distinct kinase pathways might converge at Ser307 to mediate feedback or heterologous inhibition of IRS-1 signaling to counterregulate the insulin response.

Authors

Liangyou Rui, Vincent Aguirre, Jason K. Kim, Gerald I. Shulman, Anna Lee, Anne Corbould, Andrea Dunaif, Morris F. White

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In vivo acceleration of heart relaxation performance by parvalbumin gene delivery
Michael L. Szatkowski, … , Faris P. Albayya, Joseph M. Metzger
Michael L. Szatkowski, … , Faris P. Albayya, Joseph M. Metzger
Published January 15, 2001
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2001;107(2):191-198. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI9862.
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In vivo acceleration of heart relaxation performance by parvalbumin gene delivery

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Defective cardiac muscle relaxation plays a causal role in heart failure. Shown here is the new in vivo application of parvalbumin, a calcium-binding protein that facilitates ultrafast relaxation of specialized skeletal muscles. Parvalbumin is not naturally expressed in the heart. We show that parvalbumin gene transfer to the heart in vivo produces levels of parvalbumin characteristic of fast skeletal muscles, causes a physiologically relevant acceleration of heart relaxation performance in normal hearts, and enhances relaxation performance in an animal model of slowed cardiac muscle relaxation. Parvalbumin may offer the unique potential to correct defective relaxation in energetically compromised failing hearts because the relaxation-enhancement effect of parvalbumin arises from an ATP-independent mechanism. Additionally, parvalbumin gene transfer may provide a new therapeutic approach to correct cellular disturbances in calcium signaling pathways that cause abnormal growth or damage in the heart or other organs.

Authors

Michael L. Szatkowski, Margaret V. Westfall, Carlen A. Gomez, Philip A. Wahr, Daniel E. Michele, Christiana DelloRusso, Immanuel I. Turner, Katie E. Hong, Faris P. Albayya, Joseph M. Metzger

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Previously undetected human hematopoietic cell populations with short-term repopulating activity selectively engraft NOD/SCID-β2 microglobulin–null mice
H. Glimm, … , C. von Kalle, C.J. Eaves
H. Glimm, … , C. von Kalle, C.J. Eaves
Published January 15, 2001
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2001;107(2):199-206. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI11519.
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Previously undetected human hematopoietic cell populations with short-term repopulating activity selectively engraft NOD/SCID-β2 microglobulin–null mice

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Increasing use of purified or cultured human hematopoietic cells as transplants has revealed an urgent need for better methods to predict the speed and durability of their engraftment potential. We now show that NOD/SCID-β2 microglobulin–null (NOD/SCID-β2m–/–) mice are sequentially engrafted by two distinct and previously unrecognized populations of transplantable human short-term repopulating hematopoietic cells (STRCs), neither of which efficiently engraft NOD/SCID mice. One is predominantly CD34+CD38+ and is myeloid-restricted; the other is predominantly CD34+CD38– and has broader lymphomyeloid differentiation potential. In contrast, the long-term repopulating human cells that generate lymphoid and myeloid progeny in NOD/SCID mice engraft and self-renew in NOD/SCID-β2m–/– mice equally efficiently. In short-term expansion cultures of adult bone marrow cells, myeloid-restricted STRCs were preferentially amplified (greater than tenfold) and, interestingly, both types of STRC were found to be selectively elevated in mobilized peripheral blood harvests. These results suggest an enhanced sensitivity of STRCs to natural killer cell–mediated rejection. They also provide new in vivo assays for different types of human STRC that may help to predict the engraftment potential of clinical transplants and facilitate future investigation of early stages of human hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.

Authors

H. Glimm, W. Eisterer, K. Lee, J. Cashman, T.L. Holyoake, F. Nicolini, L.D. Shultz, C. von Kalle, C.J. Eaves

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Chemokine-receptor activation by env determines the mechanism of death in HIV-infected and uninfected T lymphocytes
Stacey R. Vlahakis, … , Ronald G. Collman, Carlos V. Paya
Stacey R. Vlahakis, … , Ronald G. Collman, Carlos V. Paya
Published January 15, 2001
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2001;107(2):207-215. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI11109.
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Chemokine-receptor activation by env determines the mechanism of death in HIV-infected and uninfected T lymphocytes

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There is considerable confusion concerning the mechanism of lymphocyte death during HIV infection. During the course of HIV infection, M-tropic viruses (R5) that use CCR5 chemokine coreceptors frequently evolve to T-tropic viruses (X4) that use CXCR4 receptors. In this study we show that activation of the CD4 or CCR5 receptor by R5 HIVenv causes a caspase 8–dependent death of both uninfected and infected CD4 T cells. In contrast, CXCR4 activation by X4 HIVenv induces a caspase-independent death of both uninfected CD4 and CD8 T cells and infected CD4 cells. These results suggest that activation of the chemokine receptor by HIVenv determines the mechanism of death for both infected and uninfected T lymphocytes.

Authors

Stacey R. Vlahakis, Alicia Algeciras-Schimnich, German Bou, Carrie J. Heppelmann, Angelina Villasis-Keever, Ronald G. Collman, Carlos V. Paya

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Ornithine decarboxylase, kidney size, and the tubular hypothesis of glomerular hyperfiltration in experimental diabetes
Scott C. Thomson, … , Roland C. Blantz, Volker Vallon
Scott C. Thomson, … , Roland C. Blantz, Volker Vallon
Published January 15, 2001
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2001;107(2):217-224. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI10963.
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Ornithine decarboxylase, kidney size, and the tubular hypothesis of glomerular hyperfiltration in experimental diabetes

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In early diabetes, the kidney grows and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increases. This growth is linked to ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). The study of hyperfiltration has focused on microvascular abnormalities, but hyperfiltration may actually result from a prior increase in capacity for proximal reabsorption which reduces the signal for tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF). Experiments were performed in Wistar rats after 1 week of streptozotocin diabetes. Kidney weight, ODC activity, and GFR were correlated in diabetic and control rats given difluoromethylornithine (DFMO; Marion Merrell Dow, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA) to inhibit ODC. We assessed proximal reabsorption by micropuncture, using TGF as a tool for manipulating single-nephron GFR (SNGFR), then plotting proximal reabsorption versus SNGFR. ODC activity was elevated 15-fold in diabetic kidneys and normalized by DFMO, which also attenuated hyperfiltration and hypertrophy. Micropuncture data revealed an overall increase in proximal reabsorption in diabetic rats too great to be accounted for by glomerulotubular balance. DFMO prevented the overall increase in proximal reabsorption. These data confirm that ODC is required for the full effect of diabetes on kidney size and proximal reabsorption in early streptozotocin diabetes and are consistent with the hypothesis that diabetic hyperfiltration results from normal physiologic actions of TGF operating in a larger kidney, independent of any primary malfunction of the glomerular microvasculature.

Authors

Scott C. Thomson, Aihua Deng, Dingjiu Bao, Joseph Satriano, Roland C. Blantz, Volker Vallon

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LPS-binding protein circulates in association with apoB-containing lipoproteins and enhances endotoxin-LDL/VLDL interaction
Anita C.E. Vreugdenhil, … , Jan-Willem M. Greve, Wim A. Buurman
Anita C.E. Vreugdenhil, … , Jan-Willem M. Greve, Wim A. Buurman
Published January 15, 2001
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2001;107(2):225-234. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI10832.
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LPS-binding protein circulates in association with apoB-containing lipoproteins and enhances endotoxin-LDL/VLDL interaction

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LPS-binding protein (LBP) and serum lipoproteins cooperate in reducing the toxic properties of LPS. In the present study, we demonstrate that LBP circulates in association with LDL and VLDL in healthy persons. ApoB was found to account at least in part for the interaction of LBP with LDL and VLDL. Although LBP interacted with purified apoA-I in vitro, no association of LBP with apoA-I or HDL was found in serum. Consistent with the observed association of LBP with LDL and VLDL, these lipoproteins also were demonstrated to be the predominant LPS-binding lipoproteins. Most interestingly, the association of LBP with LDL and VLDL strongly enhanced the capacity of these lipoproteins to bind LPS. Because this function of LBP is of utmost importance during infection, the association of LBP and LPS with lipoproteins was also studied in serum from septic patients. In septic serum containing high LBP levels and a markedly altered lipoprotein spectrum, most of the LBP is associated with LDL and VLDL, although some LBP appeared to circulate free from lipoproteins. Also in this serum, LPS was found to bind predominantly to LDL and VLDL. The observed binding of LBP and LPS to LDL and VLDL, as well as the LBP-dependent incorporation of LPS into these lipoproteins, emphasizes a crucial role for circulating LBP-LDL/VLDL complexes in the scavenging of LPS.

Authors

Anita C.E. Vreugdenhil, A.M. Patricia Snoek, Cornelis van ‘t Veer, Jan-Willem M. Greve, Wim A. Buurman

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Corrigendum
Mutations in the protein kinase A R1α regulatory subunit cause familial cardiac myxomas and Carney complex
Mairead Casey, … , Cynthia C. Morton, Craig T. Basson
Mairead Casey, … , Cynthia C. Morton, Craig T. Basson
Published January 15, 2001
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2001;107(2):235-235. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI10841C1.
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Mutations in the protein kinase A R1α regulatory subunit cause familial cardiac myxomas and Carney complex

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Authors

Mairead Casey, Carl J. Vaughan, Jie He, Cathy J. Hatcher, Jordan M. Winter, Stanislawa Weremowicz, Kate Montgomery, Raju Kucherlapati, Cynthia C. Morton, Craig T. Basson

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