Standard abbreviations
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A
A, ampere(s)
Å, angstrom unit(s)
aa, amino acid(s)
Ab, antibody
ABC, ATP-binding cassette
AChR, acetylcholine receptor
ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone
AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
α-SMA, α–smooth muscle actin
ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
AMP, adenosine monophosphate (ADP, ATP)
AMPK, AMP kinase
Ang I, angiotensin I (Ang II)
ANOVA, analysis of variance
APC, antigen-presenting cell
apo, apolipoprotein (apoB, apoE)
ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase (AMPase, ADPase)
AU, arbitrary unit(s)
AUC, area under the curve
B
BAC, bacterial artificial chromosome
BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage [fluid]
BBB, blood-brain barrier
β-gal, β-galactosidase
β2m, β2 microglobulin
bFGF, basic FGF
BM, bone marrow
BMI, body mass index
BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
bp, base pairs
BP, blood pressure
bpm, beat(s) per minute
BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
BSA, bovine serum albumin
BSE, bovine spongiform encephalopathy
BTU, British thermal unit(s)
BW, body weight
C
°C, degrees Celsius
cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cGMP)
CCL, CC chemokine ligand
CCR, CC chemokine receptor
cDNA, complementary DNA
CDP, cytosine diphosphate
C/EBP, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein
CF, cystic fibrosis
CFA, complete Freund's adjuvant
CFC, colony-forming cell
CFSE, carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester
CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
CFU, colony-forming units
ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
CHO, Chinese hamster ovary
Ci, curie(s)
CI, confidence interval
cM, centimorgans
CMP, cytidine monophosphate (CDP, CTP)
CMV, cytomegalovirus
CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
CNS, central nervous system
CoA, coenzyme A
COX, cyclooxygenase
cpm, count(s) per minute
CSA, colony-stimulating activity
CSF, colony-stimulating factor
Ct, threshold cycle
CT, computed tomography
CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
CXCL, CXC chemokine ligand
CXCR, CXC chemokine receptor
D
d, day(s)
d, density
3D, 3-dimensional
Da, dalton(s)
DAB, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine
DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
DC, dendritic cell
DEAE, diethylaminoethyl
∆ (delta), change in, change of
DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide
DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
dpc, day(s) post coitum
dP/dt, first derivative of pressure measured over time
dP/dV, pressure per unit change in volume
dpm, disintegration(s) per minute
dsDNA, double-stranded DNA
dsRNA, double-stranded RNA
DTT, dithiothreitol
E
E1, embryonic day 1 (E2, E3)
EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
EBV, Epstein-Barr virus
EC, endothelial cell
ECG, electrocardiogram, electrocardiography
ECL, enhanced chemiluminescence
ECM, extracellular matrix
E. coli, Escherichia coli
ED50, 50% effective dose
EDTA, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
EEG, electroencephalogram
EGF, epidermal growth factor
EGFP, enhanced GFP
EGFR, EGF receptor
EGTA, ethyleneglycol-bis-(β-aminoethylether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid
ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
EM, electron microscopy
EMSA, electrophoretic mobility shift assay
eNOS, endothelial NOS
ER, endoplasmic reticulum
ERK, extracellular signal–regulated kinase
ES, embryonic stem [cell]
F
°F, degrees Fahrenheit
FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
F-actin, filamentous actin
FasL, Fas ligand
FBS, fetal bovine serum
Fc, crystallizable fragment [of immunoglobulin molecule]
FCS, fetal calf serum
FDA, Food and Drug Administration
FFA, free fatty acid
FGF, fibroblast growth factor
FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization
FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
Fox, Forkhead box
ft, foot, feet
G
g, gram(s)
g, units of gravity
GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid
GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
GC, germinal center
G-CSF, granulocyte CSF
GFP, green fluorescent protein
GFR, glomerular filtration rate
GLUT, glucose transporter
GM-CFU, granulocyte-macrophage CFU
GM-CSA, granulocyte-macrophage CSA
GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage CSF
gmol–1, molar mass
GMP, guanosine monophosphate (GDP, GTP)
GPCR, G protein–coupled receptor
Gy, gray(s)
H
h, hour(s)
HA, hemagglutinin
HBSS, Hank's balanced salt solution
HCV, hepatitis C virus (HAV, HBV, HDV)
HDL, high-density lipoprotein
H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
HEPES, N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid
HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor
HIV, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1, HIV-2)
HLA, human leukocyte antigen
HMG, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl
HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
HRP, horseradish peroxidase
HSA, human serum albumin
HSC, hematopoietic stem cell
hsp, heat shock protein
HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell
I
i, electric current
IACUC, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
IB, immunoblot
IC50, 50% inhibitory concentration
ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule
ICOS, inducible costimulatory molecule
i.c.v., intracerebroventricular(ly)
ID50, 50% infective dose
IDDM, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
IDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein
IFN, interferon
Ig, immunoglobulin (IgE, IgG)
IGF, insulin-like growth factor
IκB, inhibitor of NF-κB (IκBα, IκBβ)
IL, interleukin (IL-12)
i.m., intramuscular(ly)
i.n., intranasal(ly)
in., inch(es)
iNOS, inducible NOS
INSERM, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
i.p., intraperitoneal(ly)
IP, immunoprecipitate, immunoprecipitated, immunoprecipitation
iPS, induced pluripotent stem [cell]
IR, insulin receptor
IRB, institutional review board
IRS, IR substrate
IU, international unit(s)
i.v., intravenous(ly)
J
JAK, Janus kinase
JNK, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase
K
°K, degrees Kelvin
kb, kilobases
kcal, kilocalorie(s)
KD, dissociation constant
kDa, kilodalton(s)
KI, inhibition constant
Km, Michaelis-Menten constant
KO, knockout
L
l, liter(s)
LD50, 50% lethal dose
LDL, low-density lipoprotein
LN, lymph node
lod, log odds ratio
LPS, lipopolysaccharide
LUC, luciferase
LV, left ventricle, left ventricular
M
m, meter(s)
M, molar
mAb, monoclonal Ab
MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
Mb, megabase
M-CSF, macrophage CSF
MD, muscular dystrophy
2-ME, 2-mercaptoethanol
MEK, MAPK kinase
MEM, Eagle minimal essential medium
mEq, milliequivalent
MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
MHC, major histocompatibility complex
min, minute(s)
mmHg, millimeter(s) of mercury
MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
mo, month(s)
MOI, multiplicities of infection
mol, mole(s)
MOPS, 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid
Mr, relative molecular mass
MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
mRNA, messenger RNA
ms, millisecond(s)
MS, multiple sclerosis
mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
MW, molecular weight
N
n, number in group
N, normal [solution]
N, total sample size
NA, not applicable
NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADH, reduced NAD
NADPH, reduced NAD phosphate
NF-κB, nuclear factor κB
NIDDK, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases
NIDDM, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
NIH, National Institutes of Health
NK, natural killer
NKT, natural killer T [cell]
NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartate
NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
no., number
NO, nitric oxide
NOD, nonobese diabetic
NOR, nonobese resistant
NOS, NO synthase
NP-40, Nonidet P-40
NS, not significant
NSAID, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug
nt, nucleotide(s)
O
OCT, optimal cutting temperature [compound]
OD, optical density
ORF, open reading frame
osm, osmole(s)
OVA, ovalbumin
P
P, phosphate (PO4)
P, probability
P1, postnatal day (P1, P2, P3)
PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
PAR, protease-activated receptor
PAS, periodic acid–Schiff
PBL, peripheral blood leukocyte
PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
PCR, polymerase chain reaction
PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
PDGFR, PDGF receptor
PE, phycoerythrin
PECAM, platelet–endothelial cell adhesion molecule
PET, positron emission tomography
PFA, paraformaldehyde
PFU, plaque-forming unit(s)
pg, picogram(s)
PG, prostaglandin
pH, hydrogen ion concentration
pI, isoelectric point
PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3′-kinase
PIPES, piperazine-N,N′-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid)
PKC, protein kinase C (PKA, PKB)
PLC, phospholipase C
PMA, phorbol myristate acetate
PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
PPAR, peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPARγ)
psi, pound(s) per square inch
PVDF, polyvinylidene diflouride
R
r, correlation coefficient
RA, rheumatoid arthritis
rad, radiation-absorbed dose
RAG, recombination-activating gene
RANK, receptor activator of NF-κB
RANKL, RANK ligand
RANTES, regulated on activation, T cell expressed, and secreted
rbc, red blood cell(s)
RFLP, restriction fragment length polymorphism
RIA, radioimmunoassay
RLU, relative light unit(s)
RNA, ribonucleic acid
RNAi, RNA interference
ROS, reactive oxygen species
rpm, revolution(s) per minute
RPMI, Roswell Park Memorial Institute [medium]
rRNA, ribosomal RNA
RT, reverse transcriptase
RU, resonance unit(s)
RV, right ventricle, right ventricular
S
s, second(s)
SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome
s.c., subcutaneous(ly)
SCF, stem cell factor
SCID, severe combined immunodeficiency disease
SD, standard deviation
SDS, sodium dodecylsulfate
SEM, standard error of the mean
SH2, Src homology 2
shRNA, short hairpin RNA
siRNA, small, interfering RNA
SIV, simian immunodeficiency virus
SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus
SMA, smooth muscle actin
SMC, smooth muscle cell
SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism
SOCS, suppressor of cytokine signaling
SOD, superoxide dismutase
SREBP, sterol regulatory element–binding protein
SSC, standard saline citrate
STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
T
t, time
t1/2, half-life
TBS, triethanolamine-buffered saline
TCA, tricarboxylic acid
TCR, T cell receptor
Tg, transgene, transgenic
TGase, transglutaminase
TGF, transforming growth factor
Th, T helper [cell] (Th1, Th2)
TLC, thin-layer chromatography
TLR, Toll-like receptor
TNF, tumor necrosis factor
TOF, time-of-flight (MALDI/TOF)
TPA, tissue plasminogen activator
Treg, regulatory T cell
Tris, tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane
TRITC, tetrarhodamine isothiocyanate
TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP nick end labeling
TXA, thromboxane A
U
U, unit(s)
UCD, University of California, Davis
UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles
UCSD, University of California, San Diego
UCSF, University of California, San Francisco
UMP, uridine monophosphate (UDP, UTP)
UV, ultraviolet
V
V, volt(s)
VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule
VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
VEGFR, VEGF receptor
VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein
Vmax, maximum velocity
vol, volume
VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell
vWF, von Willebrand factor
W
W, watt(s) [voltampere(s)]
wbc, white blood cell(s)
WHO, World Health Organization
wk, week(s)
wt, weight
WT, wild-type
Y
yr, year(s)
