PPAR signaling pathways influence macrophage gene expression and foam-cell formation. Ligand activation of PPARα and PPARγ, but not PPARβ/δ, inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in LDLR_/_ mice. Both systemic and local mechanisms might contribute to these beneficial effects. Previous studies have suggested that PPARα and PPARγ increase LXRα expression in macrophages and promote expression of ABCA1, which mediates cholesterol efflux to apoAI. Results from the study in this issue by Li et al. (15) suggest that PPARγ may also inhibit cholesterol accumulation in macrophages through direct regulation of ABCG1, which has been implicated in cholesterol efflux to HDL. Activation of each of the PPARs with selective agonists also inhibits the expression of inflammatory markers in the artery wall. These findings reinforce potential use of PPAR agonists as antiatherosclerotic therapies. PTLP, phospholipid transfer protein.