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ResearchIn-Press PreviewImmunologyInfectious disease
Open Access | 10.1172/JCI189607
1Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
2Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
3Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
4Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
5Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
6Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
Find articles by Pan, Y. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
2Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
3Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
4Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
5Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
6Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
Find articles by Shen, L. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
2Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
3Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
4Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
5Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
6Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
Find articles by Wu, Z. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
2Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
3Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
4Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
5Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
6Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
Find articles by Wang, X. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
2Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
3Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
4Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
5Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
6Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
Find articles by Liu, X. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
2Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
3Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
4Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
5Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
6Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
Find articles by Zhang, Y. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
2Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
3Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
4Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
5Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
6Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
Find articles by Luo, Q. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
2Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
3Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
4Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
5Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
6Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
Find articles by Liu, S. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
2Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
3Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
4Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
5Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
6Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
Find articles by Fang, X. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
2Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
3Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
4Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
5Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
6Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
Find articles by Shu, Q. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
2Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
3Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
4Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
5Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
6Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
Find articles by Chen, Q. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
Published July 3, 2025 - More info
Bloodstream bacterial infections cause one-third of deaths from bacterial infections, and eradication of circulating bacteria is essential to prevent disseminated infections. We here found that hepcidin, the master regulator of systemic iron homeostasis, affected Kupffer cell (KC) immune defense against bloodstream bacterial infections by modulating the gut commensal bacteria-derived tryptophan derivative indole-3-propionic acid (IPA). Hepcidin deficiency impaired bacterial capture by KCs and exacerbated systemic bacterial dissemination through morphological changes in KCs. Gut microbiota depletion and fecal microbiota transplantation revealed that the gut microbiota mediated the alteration of KCs volume. Mechanistically, hepcidin deficiency led to a decreased abundance of the IPA-producing commensal Lactobacillus intestinalis and a concomitant reduction in the gut-to-liver shuttling of its metabolite IPA. IPA supplementation or Lactobacillus intestinalis colonization restored the KC volume and hepatic immune defense against bloodstream bacterial infection in hepcidin-deficient mice. Moreover, hepcidin levels in patients with bacteremia were associated with days of antibiotic usage and hospitalization. Collectively, our findings described a previously unappreciated role of hepcidin in sustaining KC-mediated hepatic defense against bloodstream bacterial infections through the gut commensal Lactobacillus intestinalis and its tryptophan derivative IPA. More importantly, restoring the crosstalk between the gut microbiota and liver through IPA-inspired therapies may offer a promising strategy for enhancing the host defense against bloodstream bacterial infections in those with low hepcidin levels and a high risk for bacterial infections.