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ResearchIn-Press PreviewImmunologyInfectious disease Open Access | 10.1172/JCI189607

Hepcidin sustains Kupffer cell immune defense against bloodstream bacterial infection via gut-derived metabolites in mice

Yihang Pan,1 Lihua Shen,2 Zehua Wu,1 Xueke Wang,1 Xiwang Liu,3 Yan Zhang,1 Qinyu Luo,4 Sijin Liu,5 Xiangming Fang,6 Qiang Shu,4 and Qixing Chen4

1Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

2Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

3Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

4Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

5Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

6Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

Find articles by Pan, Y. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

2Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

3Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

4Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

5Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

6Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

Find articles by Shen, L. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

2Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

3Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

4Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

5Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

6Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

Find articles by Wu, Z. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

2Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

3Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

4Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

5Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

6Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

Find articles by Wang, X. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

2Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

3Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

4Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

5Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

6Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

Find articles by Liu, X. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

2Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

3Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

4Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

5Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

6Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

Find articles by Zhang, Y. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

2Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

3Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

4Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

5Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

6Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

Find articles by Luo, Q. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

2Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

3Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

4Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

5Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

6Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

Find articles by Liu, S. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

2Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

3Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

4Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

5Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

6Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

Find articles by Fang, X. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

2Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

3Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

4Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

5Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

6Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

Find articles by Shu, Q. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

2Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

3Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

4Department of Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

5Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

6Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

Find articles by Chen, Q. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

Published July 3, 2025 - More info

J Clin Invest. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI189607.
Copyright © 2025, Pan et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Published July 3, 2025 - Version history
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Abstract

Bloodstream bacterial infections cause one-third of deaths from bacterial infections, and eradication of circulating bacteria is essential to prevent disseminated infections. We here found that hepcidin, the master regulator of systemic iron homeostasis, affected Kupffer cell (KC) immune defense against bloodstream bacterial infections by modulating the gut commensal bacteria-derived tryptophan derivative indole-3-propionic acid (IPA). Hepcidin deficiency impaired bacterial capture by KCs and exacerbated systemic bacterial dissemination through morphological changes in KCs. Gut microbiota depletion and fecal microbiota transplantation revealed that the gut microbiota mediated the alteration of KCs volume. Mechanistically, hepcidin deficiency led to a decreased abundance of the IPA-producing commensal Lactobacillus intestinalis and a concomitant reduction in the gut-to-liver shuttling of its metabolite IPA. IPA supplementation or Lactobacillus intestinalis colonization restored the KC volume and hepatic immune defense against bloodstream bacterial infection in hepcidin-deficient mice. Moreover, hepcidin levels in patients with bacteremia were associated with days of antibiotic usage and hospitalization. Collectively, our findings described a previously unappreciated role of hepcidin in sustaining KC-mediated hepatic defense against bloodstream bacterial infections through the gut commensal Lactobacillus intestinalis and its tryptophan derivative IPA. More importantly, restoring the crosstalk between the gut microbiota and liver through IPA-inspired therapies may offer a promising strategy for enhancing the host defense against bloodstream bacterial infections in those with low hepcidin levels and a high risk for bacterial infections.

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