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ResearchIn-Press PreviewImmunologyMetabolism
Open Access | 
10.1172/JCI182480
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 inhibition increases regulatory T-Cell metabolism and graft-vs-host disease treatment efficacy via mitochondrial fusion
Cameron McDonald-Hyman,1 Ethan G. Aguilar,2 Ewoud B. Compeer,3 Michael C. Zaiken,2 Stephanie Y. Rhee,2 Fathima A. Mohamed,2 Jemma H. Larson,2 Michael L. Loschi,2 Christopher Lees,2 Govindarajan Thangavelu,2 Margaret L. Sleeth,2 Kyle D. Smith,2 Jennifer S. Whangbo,4 Jerome Ritz,5 Tim D. Sparwasser,6 Roddy S. O'Connor,7 Peter A. Crawford,8 Jeffrey C. Rathmell,9 Leslie S. Kean,4 Robert Zeiser,10 Keli L. Hippen,2 Michael L. Dustin,11 and Bruce R. Blazar2
1Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
2Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
3Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
4Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
5Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
6Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
7Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
8Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
9Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
10Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
11Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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1Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
2Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
3Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
4Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
5Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
6Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
7Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
8Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
9Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
10Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
11Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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1Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
2Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
3Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
4Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
5Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
6Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
7Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
8Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
9Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
10Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
11Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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1Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
2Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
3Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
4Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
5Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
6Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
7Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
8Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
9Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
10Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
11Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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1Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
2Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
3Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
4Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
5Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
6Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
7Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
8Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
9Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
10Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
11Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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1Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
2Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
3Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
4Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
5Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
6Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
7Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
8Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
9Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
10Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
11Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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1Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
2Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
3Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
4Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
5Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
6Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
7Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
8Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
9Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
10Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
11Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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1Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
2Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
3Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
4Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
5Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
6Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
7Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
8Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
9Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
10Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
11Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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1Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
2Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
3Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
4Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
5Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
6Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
7Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
8Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
9Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
10Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
11Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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1Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
2Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
3Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
4Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
5Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
6Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
7Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
8Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
9Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
10Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
11Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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1Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
2Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
3Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
4Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
5Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
6Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
7Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
8Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
9Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
10Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
11Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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1Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
2Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
3Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
4Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
5Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
6Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
7Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
8Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
9Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
10Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
11Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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1Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
2Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
3Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
4Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
5Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
6Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
7Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
8Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
9Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
10Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
11Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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1Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
2Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
3Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
4Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
5Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
6Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
7Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
8Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
9Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
10Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
11Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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1Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
2Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
3Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
4Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
5Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
6Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
7Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
8Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
9Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
10Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
11Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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1Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
2Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
3Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
4Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
5Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
6Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
7Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
8Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
9Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
10Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
11Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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1Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
2Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
3Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
4Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
5Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
6Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
7Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
8Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
9Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
10Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
11Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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1Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
2Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
3Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
4Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
5Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
6Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
7Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
8Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
9Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
10Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
11Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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1Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
2Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
3Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
4Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
5Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
6Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
7Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
8Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
9Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
10Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
11Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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1Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
2Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
3Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
4Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
5Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
6Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
7Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
8Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
9Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
10Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
11Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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1Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
2Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
3Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
4Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
5Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
6Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
7Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
8Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
9Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
10Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
11Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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1Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
2Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
3Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
4Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
5Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
6Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
7Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
8Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
9Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
10Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
11Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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1Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
2Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
3Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
4Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
5Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
6Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
7Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
8Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
9Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
10Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
11Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Published September 30, 2025 - More info
Copyright © 2025, McDonald-Hyman et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Copyright © 2025 American Society for Clinical Investigation
ISSN: 0021-9738 (print), 1558-8238 (online)