Go to JCI Insight
  • About
  • Editors
  • Consulting Editors
  • For authors
  • Alerts
  • Advertising/recruitment
  • Subscribe
  • Contact
  • Current Issue
  • Past Issues
  • By specialty
    • COVID-19
    • Cardiology
    • Gastroenterology
    • Immunology
    • Metabolism
    • Nephrology
    • Neuroscience
    • Oncology
    • Pulmonology
    • Vascular biology
    • All ...
  • Videos
    • Conversations with Giants in Medicine
    • Author's Takes
  • Reviews
    • View all reviews ...
    • 100th Anniversary of Insulin's Discovery (Jan 2021)
    • Hypoxia-inducible factors in disease pathophysiology and therapeutics (Oct 2020)
    • Latency in Infectious Disease (Jul 2020)
    • Immunotherapy in Hematological Cancers (Apr 2020)
    • Big Data's Future in Medicine (Feb 2020)
    • Mechanisms Underlying the Metabolic Syndrome (Oct 2019)
    • Reparative Immunology (Jul 2019)
    • View all review series ...
  • Viewpoint
  • Collections
    • Recently published
    • In-Press Preview
    • Commentaries
    • Concise Communication
    • Editorials
    • Viewpoint
    • Top read articles
  • Clinical Medicine
  • JCI This Month
    • Current issue
    • Past issues

  • Current issue
  • Past issues
  • Specialties
  • Reviews
  • Review series
  • Conversations with Giants in Medicine
  • Author's Takes
  • Recently published
  • In-Press Preview
  • Commentaries
  • Concise Communication
  • Editorials
  • Viewpoint
  • Top read articles
  • About
  • Editors
  • Consulting Editors
  • For authors
  • Alerts
  • Advertising/recruitment
  • Subscribe
  • Contact

Pulmonology

  • 154 Articles
  • 2 Posts
  • ← Previous
  • 1
  • 2
  • …
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • Next →
Critical role of endothelial CXCR2 in LPS-induced neutrophil migration into the lung
Jörg Reutershan, … , Mary S. Saprito, Klaus Ley
Jörg Reutershan, … , Mary S. Saprito, Klaus Ley
Published March 1, 2006
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2006;116(3):695-702. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI27009.
View: Text | PDF

Critical role of endothelial CXCR2 in LPS-induced neutrophil migration into the lung

  • Text
  • PDF
Abstract

In models of acute lung injury, CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) mediates migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) into the lung. Since CXCR2 ligands, including CXCL1 and CXCL2/3, are chemotactic for PMNs, CXCR2 is thought to recruit PMNs by inducing chemotactic migration. In a model of PMN recruitment to the lung, aerosolized bacterial LPS inhalation induced PMN recruitment to the lung in wild-type mice, but not in littermate CXCR2–/– mice. Surprisingly, lethally irradiated wild-type mice reconstituted with CXCR2–/– BM still showed about 50% PMN recruitment into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and into lung interstitium, but CXCR2–/– mice reconstituted with CXCR2–/– BM showed no PMN recruitment. Conversely, CXCR2–/– mice reconstituted with wild-type BM showed a surprisingly large defect in PMN recruitment, inconsistent with a role of CXCR2 on PMNs alone. Cell culture, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and real-time RT-PCR were used to show expression of CXCR2 on pulmonary endothelial and bronchial epithelial cells. The LPS-induced increase in lung microvascular permeability as measured by Evans blue extravasation required CXCR2 on nonhematopoietic cells. Our data revealed what we believe to be a previously unrecognized role of endothelial and epithelial CXCR2 in LPS-induced PMN recruitment and lung injury.

Authors

Jörg Reutershan, Margaret A. Morris, Tracy L. Burcin, David F. Smith, Daniel Chang, Mary S. Saprito, Klaus Ley

×

A regulatory role for the C5a anaphylatoxin in type 2 immunity in asthma
Jörg Köhl, … , John D. Lambris, Marsha Wills-Karp
Jörg Köhl, … , John D. Lambris, Marsha Wills-Karp
Published March 1, 2006
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2006;116(3):783-796. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI26582.
View: Text | PDF

A regulatory role for the C5a anaphylatoxin in type 2 immunity in asthma

  • Text
  • PDF
Abstract

Complement component 5 (C5) has been described as either promoting or protecting against airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in experimental allergic asthma, suggesting pleomorphic effects of C5. Here we report that local pharmacological targeting of the C5a receptor (C5aR) prior to initial allergen sensitization in murine models of inhalation tolerance or allergic asthma resulted in either induction or marked enhancement of Th2-polarized immune responses, airway inflammation, and AHR. Importantly, C5aR-deficient mice exhibited a similar, increased allergic phenotype. Pulmonary allergen exposure in C5aR-targeted mice resulted in increased sensitization and accumulation of CD4+CD69+ T cells associated with a marked increase in pulmonary myeloid, but not plasmacytoid, DC numbers. Pulmonary DCs from C5aR-targeted mice produced large amounts of CC chemokine ligand 17 (CCL17) and CCL22 ex vivo, suggesting a negative impact of C5aR signaling on pulmonary homing of Th2 cells. In contrast, C5aR targeting in sensitized mice led to suppressed airway inflammation and AHR but was still associated with enhanced production of Th2 effector cytokines. These data suggest a dual role for C5a in allergic asthma, i.e., protection from the development of maladaptive type 2 immune responses during allergen sensitization at the DC/T cell interface but enhancement of airway inflammation and AHR in an established inflammatory environment.

Authors

Jörg Köhl, Ralf Baelder, Ian P. Lewkowich, Manoj K. Pandey, Heiko Hawlisch, Lihua Wang, Jennifer Best, Nancy S. Herman, Alyssa A. Sproles, Jörg Zwirner, Jeffrey A. Whitsett, Craig Gerard, Georgia Sfyroera, John D. Lambris, Marsha Wills-Karp

×

Anaerobic killing of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa by acidified nitrite derivatives under cystic fibrosis airway conditions
Sang Sun Yoon, … , Richard C. Boucher, Daniel J. Hassett
Sang Sun Yoon, … , Richard C. Boucher, Daniel J. Hassett
Published February 1, 2006
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2006;116(2):436-446. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI24684.
View: Text | PDF

Anaerobic killing of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa by acidified nitrite derivatives under cystic fibrosis airway conditions

  • Text
  • PDF
Abstract

Mucoid, mucA mutant Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause chronic lung infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and are refractory to phagocytosis and antibiotics. Here we show that mucoid bacteria perish during anaerobic exposure to 15 mM nitrite (NO2–) at pH 6.5, which mimics CF airway mucus. Killing required a pH lower than 7, implicating formation of nitrous acid (HNO2) and NO, that adds NO equivalents to cellular molecules. Eighty-seven percent of CF isolates possessed mucA mutations and were killed by HNO2 (3-log reduction in 4 days). Furthermore, antibiotic-resistant strains determined were also equally sensitive to HNO2. More importantly, HNO2 killed mucoid bacteria (a) in anaerobic biofilms; (b) in vitro in ultrasupernatants of airway secretions derived from explanted CF patient lungs; and (c) in mouse lungs in vivo in a pH-dependent fashion, with no organisms remaining after daily exposure to HNO2 for 16 days. HNO2 at these levels of acidity and NO2– also had no adverse effects on cultured human airway epithelia in vitro. In summary, selective killing by HNO2 may provide novel insights into the important clinical goal of eradicating mucoid P. aeruginosa from the CF airways.

Authors

Sang Sun Yoon, Ray Coakley, Gee W. Lau, Sergei V. Lymar, Benjamin Gaston, Ahmet C. Karabulut, Robert F. Hennigan, Sung-Hei Hwang, Garry Buettner, Michael J. Schurr, Joel E. Mortensen, Jane L. Burns, David Speert, Richard C. Boucher, Daniel J. Hassett

×

Blocking airway mucous cell metaplasia by inhibiting EGFR antiapoptosis and IL-13 transdifferentiation signals
Jeffrey W. Tyner, … , Steven L. Brody, Michael J. Holtzman
Jeffrey W. Tyner, … , Steven L. Brody, Michael J. Holtzman
Published February 1, 2006
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2006;116(2):309-321. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI25167.
View: Text | PDF

Blocking airway mucous cell metaplasia by inhibiting EGFR antiapoptosis and IL-13 transdifferentiation signals

  • Text
  • PDF
Abstract

Epithelial hyperplasia and metaplasia are common features of inflammatory and neoplastic disease, but the basis for the altered epithelial phenotype is often uncertain. Here we show that long-term ciliated cell hyperplasia coincides with mucous (goblet) cell metaplasia after respiratory viral clearance in mouse airways. This chronic switch in epithelial behavior exhibits genetic susceptibility and depends on persistent activation of EGFR signaling to PI3K that prevents apoptosis of ciliated cells and on IL-13 signaling that promotes transdifferentiation of ciliated to goblet cells. Thus, EGFR blockade (using an irreversible EGFR kinase inhibitor designated EKB-569) prevents virus-induced increases in ciliated and goblet cells whereas IL-13 blockade (using s-IL-13Rα2-Fc) exacerbates ciliated cell hyperplasia but still inhibits goblet cell metaplasia. The distinct effects of EGFR and IL-13 inhibitors after viral reprogramming suggest that these combined therapeutic strategies may also correct epithelial architecture in the setting of airway inflammatory disorders characterized by a similar pattern of chronic EGFR activation, IL-13 expression, and ciliated-to-goblet cell metaplasia.

Authors

Jeffrey W. Tyner, Edy Y. Kim, Kyotaro Ide, Mark R. Pelletier, William T. Roswit, Jeffrey D. Morton, John T. Battaile, Anand C. Patel, G. Alexander Patterson, Mario Castro, Melanie S. Spoor, Yingjian You, Steven L. Brody, Michael J. Holtzman

×

Neuronal eotaxin and the effects of ccr3 antagonist on airway hyperreactivity and M2 receptor dysfunction
Allison D. Fryer, … , Erin Fitch, David B. Jacoby
Allison D. Fryer, … , Erin Fitch, David B. Jacoby
Published January 4, 2006
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2006;116(1):228-236. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI25423.
View: Text | PDF

Neuronal eotaxin and the effects of ccr3 antagonist on airway hyperreactivity and M2 receptor dysfunction

  • Text
  • PDF
Abstract

Eosinophils cluster around airway nerves in patients with fatal asthma and in antigen-challenged animals. Activated eosinophils release major basic protein, which blocks inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors (M2Rs) on nerves, increasing acetylcholine release and potentiating vagally mediated bronchoconstriction. We tested whether GW701897B, an antagonist of CCR3 (the receptor for eotaxin as well as a group of eosinophil active chemokines), affected vagal reactivity and M2R function in ovalbumin-challenged guinea pigs. Sensitized animals were treated with the CCR3 antagonist before inhaling ovalbumin. Antigen-challenged animals were hyperresponsive to vagal stimulation, but those that received the CCR3 antagonist were not. M2R function was lost in antigen-challenged animals, but not in those that received the CCR3 antagonist. Although the CCR3 antagonist did not decrease the number of eosinophils in lung tissues as assessed histologically, CCR3 antagonist prevented antigen-induced clustering of eosinophils along the nerves. Immunostaining revealed eotaxin in airway nerves and in cultured airway parasympathetic neurons from both guinea pigs and humans. Both IL-4 and IL-13 increased expression of eotaxin in cultured airway parasympathetic neurons as well as in human neuroblastoma cells. Thus, signaling via CCR3 mediates eosinophil recruitment to airway nerves and may be a prerequisite to blockade of inhibitory M2Rs by eosinophil major basic protein.

Authors

Allison D. Fryer, Louis H. Stein, Zhenying Nie, Damian E. Curtis, Christopher M. Evans, Simon T. Hodgson, Peter J. Jose, Kristen E. Belmonte, Erin Fitch, David B. Jacoby

×

Antigen-specific CD4+ T cells drive airway smooth muscle remodeling in experimental asthma
David Ramos-Barbón, … , Elizabeth D. Fixman, James G. Martin
David Ramos-Barbón, … , Elizabeth D. Fixman, James G. Martin
Published June 1, 2005
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2005;115(6):1580-1589. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI19711.
View: Text | PDF

Antigen-specific CD4+ T cells drive airway smooth muscle remodeling in experimental asthma

  • Text
  • PDF
Abstract

Airway smooth muscle (ASM) growth contributes to the mechanism of airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma. Here we demonstrate that CD4+ T cells, central to chronic airway inflammation, drive ASM remodeling in experimental asthma. Adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells from sensitized rats induced an increase in proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis of airway myocytes in naive recipients upon repeated antigen challenge, which resulted in an increase in ASM mass. Genetically modified CD4+ T cells expressing enhanced GFP (EGFP) were localized by confocal microscopy in juxtaposition to ASM cells, which suggests that CD4+ T cells may modulate ASM cell function through direct cell-cell interaction in vivo. Coculture of antigen-stimulated CD4+ T cells with cell cycle–arrested ASM cells induced myocyte proliferation, dependent on T cell activation and direct T cell–myocyte contact. Reciprocally, direct cell contact prevented postactivation T cell apoptosis, which suggests receptor-mediated T cell–myocyte crosstalk. Overall, our data demonstrate that activated CD4+ T cells drive ASM remodeling in experimental asthma and suggest that a direct cell-cell interaction participates in CD4+ T cell regulation of myocyte turnover and induction of remodeling.

Authors

David Ramos-Barbón, John F. Presley, Qutayba A. Hamid, Elizabeth D. Fixman, James G. Martin

×

Bcl-2–related protein A1 is an endogenous and cytokine-stimulated mediator of cytoprotection in hyperoxic acute lung injury
Chuan Hua He, … , Robert Homer, Jack A. Elias
Chuan Hua He, … , Robert Homer, Jack A. Elias
Published April 1, 2005
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2005;115(4):1039-1048. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI23004.
View: Text | PDF

Bcl-2–related protein A1 is an endogenous and cytokine-stimulated mediator of cytoprotection in hyperoxic acute lung injury

  • Text
  • PDF
Abstract

Hyperoxic acute lung injury (HALI) is characterized by a cell death response with features of apoptosis and necrosis that is inhibited by IL-11 and other interventions. We hypothesized that Bfl-1/A1, an antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein, is a critical regulator of HALI and a mediator of IL-11–induced cytoprotection. To test this, we characterized the expression of A1 and the oxygen susceptibility of WT and IL-11 Tg(+) mice with normal and null A1 loci. In WT mice, 100% O2 caused TUNEL+ cell death, induction and activation of intrinsic and mitochondrial-death pathways, and alveolar protein leak. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl were also induced as an apparent protective response. A1 was induced in hyperoxia, and in A1-null mice, the toxic effects of hyperoxia were exaggerated, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl were not induced, and premature death was seen. In contrast, IL-11 stimulated A1, diminished the toxic effects of hyperoxia, stimulated Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, and enhanced murine survival in 100% O2. In A1-null mice, IL-11–induced protection, survival advantage, and Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl induction were significantly decreased. VEGF also conferred protection via an A1-dependent mechanism. In vitro hyperoxia also stimulated A1, and A1 overexpression inhibited oxidant-induced epithelial cell apoptosis and necrosis. A1 is an important regulator of oxidant-induced lung injury, apoptosis, necrosis, and Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl gene expression and a critical mediator of IL-11– and VEGF-induced cytoprotection.

Authors

Chuan Hua He, Aaron B. Waxman, Chun Geun Lee, Holger Link, Morgan E. Rabach, Bing Ma, Qingsheng Chen, Zhou Zhu, Mei Zhong, Keiko Nakayama, Keiichi I. Nakayama, Robert Homer, Jack A. Elias

×

Extravascular fibrin, plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitors, and airway hyperresponsiveness
Scott S. Wagers, … , Burton E. Sobel, Charles G. Irvin
Scott S. Wagers, … , Burton E. Sobel, Charles G. Irvin
Published July 1, 2004
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2004;114(1):104-111. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI19569.
View: Text | PDF

Extravascular fibrin, plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitors, and airway hyperresponsiveness

  • Text
  • PDF
Abstract

Mechanisms underlying airway hyperresponsiveness are not yet fully elucidated. One of the manifestations of airway inflammation is leakage of diverse plasma proteins into the airway lumen. They include fibrinogen and thrombin. Thrombin cleaves fibrinogen to form fibrin, a major component of thrombi. Fibrin inactivates surfactant. Surfactant on the airway surface maintains airway patency by lowering surface tension. In this study, immunohistochemically detected fibrin was seen along the luminal surface of distal airways in a patient who died of status asthmaticus and in mice with induced allergic airway inflammation. In addition, we observed altered airway fibrinolytic system protein balance consistent with promotion of fibrin deposition in mice with allergic airway inflammation. The airways of mice were exposed to aerosolized fibrinogen, thrombin, or to fibrinogen followed by thrombin. Only fibrinogen followed by thrombin resulted in airway hyperresponsiveness compared with controls. An aerosolized fibrinolytic agent, tissue-type plasminogen activator, significantly diminished airway hyperresponsiveness in mice with allergic airway inflammation. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that leakage of fibrinogen and thrombin and their accumulation on the airway surface can contribute to the pathogenesis of airway hyperresponsiveness.

Authors

Scott S. Wagers, Ryan J. Norton, Lisa M. Rinaldi, Jason H.T. Bates, Burton E. Sobel, Charles G. Irvin

×

Inhibition of airway remodeling in IL-5–deficient mice
Jae Youn Cho, … , Stephanie Friedman, David H. Broide
Jae Youn Cho, … , Stephanie Friedman, David H. Broide
Published February 15, 2004
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2004;113(4):551-560. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI19133.
View: Text | PDF

Inhibition of airway remodeling in IL-5–deficient mice

  • Text
  • PDF
Abstract

To determine the role of IL-5 in airway remodeling, IL-5–deficient and WT mice were sensitized to OVA and challenged by repetitive administration of OVA for 3 months. IL-5–deficient mice had significantly less peribronchial fibrosis (total lung collagen content, peribronchial collagens III and V) and significantly less peribronchial smooth muscle (thickness of peribronchial smooth muscle layer, α-smooth muscle actin immunostaining) compared with WT mice challenged with OVA. WT mice had a significant increase in the number of peribronchial cells staining positive for major basic protein and TGF-β. In contrast, IL-5–deficient mice had a significant reduction in the number of peribronchial cells staining positive for major basic protein, which was paralleled by a similar reduction in the number of cells staining positive for TGF-β, suggesting that eosinophils are a significant source of TGF-β in the remodeled airway. OVA challenge induced significantly higher levels of airway epithelial αVβ6 integrin expression, as well as significantly higher levels of bioactive lung TGF-β in WT compared with IL-5–deficient mice. Increased airway epithelial expression of αVβ6 integrin may contribute to the increased activation of latent TGF-β. These results suggest an important role for IL-5, eosinophils, αVβ6, and TGF-β in airway remodeling.

Authors

Jae Youn Cho, Marina Miller, Kwang Je Baek, Ji Won Han, Jyothi Nayar, Sook Young Lee, Kirsti McElwain, Shauna McElwain, Stephanie Friedman, David H. Broide

×

Stat-3 is required for pulmonary homeostasis during hyperoxia
Isamu Hokuto, … , Susan E. Wert, Jeffrey A. Whitsett
Isamu Hokuto, … , Susan E. Wert, Jeffrey A. Whitsett
Published January 1, 2004
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2004;113(1):28-37. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI19491.
View: Text | PDF

Stat-3 is required for pulmonary homeostasis during hyperoxia

  • Text
  • PDF
Abstract

Acute lung injury syndromes remain common causes of morbidity and mortality in adults and children. Cellular and physiologic mechanisms maintaining pulmonary homeostasis during lung injury remain poorly understood. In the present study, the Stat-3 gene was selectively deleted in respiratory epithelial cells by conditional expression of Cre-recombinase under control of the surfactant protein C gene promoter. Cell-selective deletion of Stat-3 in respiratory epithelial cells did not alter prenatal lung morphogenesis or postnatal lung function. However, exposure of adult Stat-3–deleted mice to 95% oxygen caused a more rapidly progressive lung injury associated with alveolar capillary leak and acute respiratory distress. Epithelial cell injury and inflammatory responses were increased in the Stat-3–deleted mice. Surfactant proteins and lipids were decreased or absent in alveolar lavage material. Intratracheal treatment with exogenous surfactant protein B improved survival and lung histology in Stat-3–deleted mice during hyperoxia. Expression of Stat-3 in respiratory epithelial cells is not required for lung formation, but plays a critical role in maintenance of surfactant homeostasis and lung function during oxygen injury.

Authors

Isamu Hokuto, Machiko Ikegami, Mitsuhiro Yoshida, Kiyoshi Takeda, Shizuo Akira, Anne-Karina T. Perl, William M. Hull, Susan E. Wert, Jeffrey A. Whitsett

×
  • ← Previous
  • 1
  • 2
  • …
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • Next →
Mucus tethering in asthma
Luke Bonser and colleagues characterize the composition and transport of pathogenic, asthma-associated mucus…
Published May 16, 2016
Scientific Show StopperPulmonology

Translating mechanical stress to fibrogenesis
Shaik Rahaman and colleagues reveal that TRPV4 channel activity links mechanical stress and pulmonary fibrosis…
Published November 3, 2014
Scientific Show StopperPulmonology
Advertisement
Follow JCI:
Copyright © 2021 American Society for Clinical Investigation
ISSN: 0021-9738 (print), 1558-8238 (online)

Sign up for email alerts