Accumulation of misfolded proteins and alterations in the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway are associated with various neurodegenerative conditions of the CNS and PNS. Aggregates containing ubiquitin and peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) have been observed in the Trembler J mouse model of Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease type 1A demyelinating neuropathy. In these nerves, the turnover rate of the newly synthesized PMP22 is reduced, suggesting proteasome impairment. Here we show evidence of proteasome impairment in Trembler J neuropathy samples compared with wild‐type, as measured by reduced degradation of substrate reporters. Proteasome impairment correlates with increased levels of polyubiquitinated proteins, including PMP22, and the recruitment of E1, 20S and 11S to aggresomes formed either spontaneously due to the Trembler J mutation or upon proteasome inhibition. Furthermore, myelin basic protein, an endogenous Schwann cell proteasome substrate, associates with PMP22 aggregates in affected nerves. Together, our data show that in neuropathy nerves, reduced proteasome activity is coupled with the accumulation of ubiquitinated substrates, and the recruitment of proteasomal pathway constituents to aggregates. These results provide novel insights into the mechanism by which altered degradation of Schwann cell proteins may contribute to the pathogenesis of certain PMP22 neuropathies.