Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and related growth factors are essential regulators of
embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis. The signaling pathways mediated by their
receptors and Smad proteins are precisely modulated by various means. Xenopus BAMBI
(bone morphogenic protein (BMP) and activin membrane-bound inhibitor) has been shown
to function as a general negative regulator of TGF-β/BMP/activin signaling. Here, we provide
evidence that human BAMBI (hBAMBI), like its Xenopus homolog, inhibits TGF-β-and BMP …