Previous work in the endocrine and neuroendocrine fields has viewed the androgen
receptor (AR) as a transcription factor activated by testosterone or one of its many
metabolites. The bound AR acts as transcription regulatory element by binding to specific
DNA response elements in target gene promoters, causing activation or repression of
transcription and subsequently protein synthesis. Over the past two decades evidence at the
cellular and organismal level has accumulated to implicate rapid responses to androgens …