Patients with CKD suffer high rates of thrombosis, particularly after endovascular
interventions, yet few options are available to improve management and reduce thrombotic
risk. We recently demonstrated that indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a potent CKD-specific
prothrombotic metabolite that induces tissue factor (TF) in vascular smooth muscle cells
(vSMCs), although the precise mechanism and treatment implications remain unclear.
Because IS is an agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), we first examined the …