Most of the metabolic effects of fructose are due to its rapid utilization by the liver and it by-
passing the phosphofructokinase regulatory step in glycolysis, leading to far reaching
consequences to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. These consequences include
immediate hepatic increases in pyruvate and lactate production, activation of pyruvate
dehydrogenase, and a shift in balance from oxidation to esterification of nonesterified fatty
acids, resulting in increased secretion of verylow-density-lipoprotein (VLDL). These effects …