Headache attacks and autonomic dysfunctions characterize migraine, a very common, disabling disorder with a prevalence of 12% in the general population of Western countries 1, 2. About 20% of individuals affected with migraine experience aura, a visual or sensory-motor neurological dysfunction that usually precedes or accompanies the headache 3. Although the mode of transmission is controversial 4, population-based and twin studies have implicated genetic factors, especially in migraine with aura 5, 6. Familial hemiplegic migraine is a hereditary form of migraine characterized by aura and some hemiparesis. Here we show that mutations in the gene ATP1A2 that encodes the α2 subunit of the Na+/K+ pump are associated with familial hemiplegic migraine type 2 (FHM2) linked to chromosome 1q23 (OMIM 602481). Functional data indicate that the putative pathogenetic mechanism is triggered by a loss of function of a single allele of ATP1A2. This is the first report associating mutations of Na+ K+ pump subunits to genetic diseases.