Nonhuman primates have emerged as an excellent model of human tuberculosis, in large part because they recapitulate the full spectrum of infection outcome and pathology seen in humans. Several variables inherent to the nonhuman primate models of tuberculosis are discussed in this review, including the monkey species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, and routes of infection, all of which can influence the model to be chosen for various studies. New technologies for studying the microbiology, immunology, and pathogenesis of tuberculosis in nonhuman primates have greatly expanded the capabilities of this model for basic and translational studies, including the development and testing of new treatment and prevention strategies for tuberculosis.